“…Traffic state estimation and prediction was one of the basic applications (De Fabritiis et al, 2008;Kong et al, 2013;Lund and Pack, 2010;Pu et al, 2009). Another application of probe vehicle systems was updating digital road maps, which had the advantages of low cost, short updating circle and high accuracy Vartziotis et al, 2012). Some studies have also applied probe vehicle data to estimate dynamic OD for traffic demand forecasting purpose (Baek et al, 2010;Friedrich et al, 2010).…”