“…Sixteen of the 83 studies (partly) targeted a migrant population (Kim et al, 2014;Gordon et al, 2016;Rosenthalvon der Pütten et al, 2016;Kory Westlund et al, 2017;Lopes et al, 2017;Hemminki and Erkinheimo-Kyllönen, 2017;Goossens et al, 2019;Park et al, 2019;Engwall and Lopes, 2020;Kouri et al, 2020;Schulz et al, 2020;Engwall et al, 2021;Halbach et al, 2021;Leeuwestein et al, 2021;Cumbal, 2022; A robot mostly speaking L2, but also translating target words to L1 Konijn et al, 2022). A striking result is that only one of these studies used students' L1 to support learning of the L2 (Leeuwestein et al, 2021).…”