Robotic technology is increasingly employed in minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) to mitigate morbidity, operative duration, radiation exposure, and complications. The first FDA-approved (2004) robotic platform was the SpineAssist by Mazor Robotics, followed by the Mazor Renaissance (2011), and the Mazor X Stealth System (2016). These sequential Mazor generations featured enhancements in human interface, hardware, software, range of motion and system capacity. Additional robotic spine surgery systems are the ROSA robot by Zimmer Biomet, the ExcelsiusGPS by Globus Medical and REMI by Alphatec Spine. Some modern stations like the TiRobot have been approved by their country’s governmental regulatory agencies. As spine surgery increasingly transitions to outpatient settings, there is a growing preference for smaller robotic platforms. Lastly, robot-guided endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) represents a significant advancement in ultra-minimally invasive techniques, combining robotic precision with endoscopic methods to enhance surgical outcomes. While it offers benefits like reduced recovery time and improved visualization, challenges such as the steep learning curve and high costs exist, necessitating further long-term studies to evaluate its efficacy and viability. Based on this foundation, this chapter will delineate the historical progression of robotic spine surgery techniques, as well as explore the continuous emergence of novel modalities through rigorous methodological assessment.