Robotic Psychology. What Do We Know about Human-Robot Interaction and What Do We Still Need to Learn?

Abstract

"Robotization", the integration of robots in human life will change human life drastically. In many situations, such as in the service sector, robots will become an integrative part of our lives. Thus, it is vital to learn from extant research on human-robot interaction (HRI). This article introduces robotic psychology that aims to bridge the gap between humans and robots by providing insights into particularities of HRI. It presents a conceptualization of robotic psychology and provides an overview of research on service-focused human-robot interaction. Theoretical concepts, relevant to understand HRI with are reviewed. Major achievements, shortcomings, and propositions for future research will be discussed.

Human-Robot Handshaking: A Review

“…This can also be further enriched, such as in the possible scenario wherein a robot can monitor the biological attributes of a person (such as stress levels form blood flow) and thereby infer social information about a person from just a single handshake [21]. Having human-like body movements plays an important role in the acceptance of HRI wherein humans tend to look at robots more as social interaction partners [43,77]. In the case of humanoid robots, having realistic motions enable similar responses as humans [15].…”

“Can Computer Based Human-Likeness Endanger Humanness?” – A Philosophical and Ethical Perspective on Digital Assistants Expressing Feelings They Can’t Have”

“…3 The task now is to perfect androids, artificial systems with a design goal to become indistinguishable from human appearance and behavior in their ability to sustain natural relationships (Stock 2019;MacDorman and Ishiguro 2006;Ramey 2005). Robot psychology (Stock 2019) and measures for how human and how intelligent we consider our digital companions to be (perceived robot anthropomorphism) are in the works (Moussawi and Koufaris 2019). Defining seamless connections between humans and objects in order to augment both is underway (Cena et al 2019).…”

“…Her theory emphasizes that every human colony and thus its humanness has uniqueness that is a result of it living through its specific contexts of space and time. In contrast, the current efforts to create digital human-likeness are founded on ideas kin to horizontal evolution -classification and categorization of things such as personality traits, characteristics and behaviors that are commonly assumed to be universal (at least within class) and independent from time and context; or on studying psychological differences at the sensorimotor, emotional, cognitive or social levels (Stock 2019;Libin and Libin 2004). Because the vertical and horizontal evolutionary theories of humanness are largely independent from one another, we can use Porra's theory of humanness as a useful theoretical backdrop for examining the impact of digital human-likeness on humanness.…”

Survey of Emotions in Human–Robot Interactions: Perspectives from Robotic Psychology on 20 Years of Research

“…In addition, cognitive appraisal theory [83] and the hierarchical model of cognitive appraisal, [198] provide a framework for developing artificial agents that are capable of exhibiting emotional responses [150]. Finally, the uncanny valley paradigm [146,234,264], first introduced by Mori [184,185,274], helps to predict humans' emotional responses to robots, according to their human-likeness (i.e., extent to which they resemble humans [172]). Examined relationships regarding emotions.…”

“…With regard to emotion-related input, studies show that robots' characteristics, such as indications of their personality [5,6,202], empathy [43], or human-likeness [33, 234,279], affect emotions during HRI. For example, a robot's personal similarity with the human and human-likeness affect acceptance among humans.…”