Robotic radical cystectomy in bladder cancer: is it the future?

Abstract

Open radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard surgical approach in the management of muscle invasive bladder cancer in addition to high-grade, recurrent, noninvasive tumors. With the development of surgical robotic technology, robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC) is increasingly being performed as a minimally invasive surgical approach. A learning curve exists with a recommended case number of at least 20 RARC procedures in order to achieve satisfying outcomes in terms of operation time, complication rate, and oncological outcomes, including positive surgical margins (SMs) and lymph node (LN) yield. In the current literature, long-term outcomes of RARC are not yet available. Due to the outcomes of the published literature, RARC seems to have satisfactory oncologic and functional outcomes in addition to acceptable complication rates. Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion rates seem to be decreased in RARC series when compared to open approaches. On the other hand, a number of authors have reported decreased complication rates but increased operation time in the robotic approach. Similar oncologic results including positive SM rates and LN yields were detected in most comparative publications. Totally intracorporeal RARC with urinary diversion is a complex procedure and the number of centers performing this type of surgery is currently very limited. Although, it is still too early to make strict conclusions about RARC, RARC with intracorporeal urinary diversion has the potential to be the future of robotic bladder cancer surgery. Therefore, further prospective and randomized studies with increased numbers of patients and with longer follow-up are needed. Lastly, RARC may be related to increased cost when compared to open surgery, although controversial reports exist about this issue.

The Dosimetric and Radiobiological Assessment of Three Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Techniques for The Treatment of Oropharyngeal Cancer

“…Positive surgical margins range between 0 to 7% in the literature [8]. Incidental prostate cancer was detected in nine patients [16]. In our results he average numbers of retrieved LNs were 26 (range, 9-56).…”

“…In our study median (range) Operative time was 388.00 (252-490) minutes. Mean length of hospital stay was 11 (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) days.…”

“…Length of hospital stay was 11 days (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), time to ambulation was 3 days (1-4) and time to bowel movement was 3 days (1-6). The postoperative oral intake started on day 4 (2-7), time to flatus in day 3 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6), time to nasogastric tube removal in day 2 (1-4), time to liquid consumption in day 3 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), time to regular diet in day 6 (4-10) , time to drainage tube removal in day 10 (6 -14) and time to return to work in day 20 (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). Postoperative mean analgesia requirement was 14.07milligrams of (morphine equivalents) with an average morphine requirement of 2.37 days (Table 1).…”