Robust and sensitive frost and ice detection via planar microwave resonator sensor

Wiltshire, Benjamin D.; Mirshahidi, Kiana; Golovin, Kevin; Zarifi, Mohammad H.

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2019.126881

Cited by 65 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Compared to the recently reported RF ice and frost sensors [17], the proposed antenna-based sensor enables wireless detection with a measured range of 10 m. In addition, the sensitivity of the antennas (∆RSS) is between 8 and 16 dB, comparing favorably with the S 21 < −20 dB which requires a VNA or highly sensitive circuitry to detect the sensor's response. To explain, should the two-port resonator in [17] be connected to two tag antennas (i.e. chipless RFID), its readrange will not exceed 1 metre due to the low S 21 of the sensor, significantly reducing the back-scatterd signal.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Ice Sensing Approachesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…NIR sensors and computer vision can detect ice remotely for road surfaces [14]. However, optical methods were found to be generally less sensitive than microwave sensors [17].…”

Section: Comparison With Other Ice Sensing Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A ground plane-integrated heater was later proposed based on the same resonator showing a solution for detecting and removing the ice [18]. However, owing to the resonator design, the sensors, [17], [18] can only be sampled using complex lab instruments such as a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) due to the high (3.5-4.5 GHz) frequency of operation, and the low forward transmission S 21 amplitude (−20 to −50 dB). A low-frequency capacitive sensor was also proposed for ice detection [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wireless Ice Detection and Monitoring using Flexible UHF RFID Tags

Wagih¹,

Shi²

2021

Preprint

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Owing to its low relative permittivity, very few microwave sensors have been developed for monitoring ice deposition. This paper presents the first use of UHF RFID tags for wireless RF ice sensing applications. Despite its low permittivity, the existence of ice as a superstrate on a planar ultra-thin dipole antenna can lower the resonance frequency of the antenna significantly. The RFID tags, having a measured unloaded range of 9.4 m, were evaluated for remotely detecting the formation of ice in various scenarios and up to 10~m from the reader, as well as monitoring the ice thawing, based on the Relative Signal Strength (RSS) in a phase-free approach. Unlike conventional RSS-based sensing approaches where the tag's read-range is reduced as the RSS decreases in response to the stimulant, the ice superstrate improves the impedance matching of the tags, maintaining a 10 m loaded read-range with over 12 dB ice-sensitivity, in an echoic multi-path environment. The long range and high sensitivity show that UHF RFID is a promising method of detecting and monitoring ice formation and thawing in future smart cities.

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Section: Comparison With Other Ice Sensing Approachesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…NIR sensors and computer vision can detect ice remotely for road surfaces [14]. However, optical methods were found to be generally less sensitive than microwave sensors [17].…”

Section: Comparison With Other Ice Sensing Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wireless Ice Detection and Monitoring using Flexible UHF RFID Tags

Wagih¹,

Shi²

2021

Preprint

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“…This is attributed to the very low permittivity of frozen particles compared to their liquid form, where the immobility of charge carriers reduces the ionic conductivity of water leading to ice being commonly described as being "almost transparent to microwaves" [16]. Recently, a twoport microstrip resonator, implemented on a low-loss RF PCB, was proposed for freeze and thaw detection [17]. A ground plane-integrated heater was later proposed based on the same resonator showing a solution for detecting and removing the ice [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless Ice Detection and Monitoring using Flexible UHF RFID Tags

Wagih¹,

Shi²

2021

Preprint

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“…Operating by detecting the dielectric permittivity and loss tangent of a nearby material 3 – 5 , planar microwave resonator sensors have demonstrated potential for leak detection in pipelines 6 , 7 , water quality monitoring 1 , 8 , glucose detection and biosensing 9 – 11 , and hazardous gas detection 12 – 14 in various applications. Due to success in previous studies for sensing a wide variety of stimuli, the design of a sensor or sensor array that can measure many environmental variables at once, and in a cost-effective manner, has attained scientific interest 15 – 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave resonator array with liquid metal selection for narrow band material sensing

Wiltshire

Rafi

Zarifi

2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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A microwave resonator array is integrated with liquid metal to select an individual resonator response within a resonator array, enabling simple and accurate analysis for dielectric sensing. Galinstan, a liquid metal, acts as a multiplexer by inducing a capacitive load to the nearby resonator, lowering its resonant frequency, and thereby isolating its resonant response from other resonators in the array. The liquid metal could be positioned within a fluidic channel to be above any of the resonators, which tuned the resonant frequency from 3.9 to 3.3 GHz where it can be analyzed individually. The resonators showed a consistent response to liquid metal tuning, with tuning error measured below 30 MHz (5%). The sensor also exhibited stable sensitivity to test materials placed on the selected resonator, with a maximum resonant frequency shift of 300 MHz for a dielectric test material (ε = 10.2) and almost no variation in resonant amplitude. The selected resonant response was only sensitive to materials on the selected resonator, and was unaffected by test materials, even when placed on other resonators. The presented design enabled robust and accurate detection of materials using planar microwave resonators that can be controlled at a user’s convenience, specifically for use in systems where multiple parameters or system settings may need to be individually determined.

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Robust and sensitive frost and ice detection via planar microwave resonator sensor

Cited by 65 publications

References 23 publications

Wireless Ice Detection and Monitoring using Flexible UHF RFID Tags

Wireless Ice Detection and Monitoring using Flexible UHF RFID Tags

Wireless Ice Detection and Monitoring using Flexible UHF RFID Tags

Microwave resonator array with liquid metal selection for narrow band material sensing

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