“…Remote sensing data Data collected by satellites or other remote sensors that provide information on land, ocean, and atmospheric conditions (Kashtan Sundararaman et al, 2023) Weather station data Data collected from ground-based weather stations that measure temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and other weather variables (Han et al, 2023) Radar data Data collected by radar systems that can detect precipitation, wind speed, and direction (Wang et al, 2023a) Social media data Data collected from social media platforms that can provide real-time information on natural disasters and their impacts (Platania et al, 2022) Geospatial data Data that includes information on terrain, land use, population density, and infrastructure (Stokes and Seto, 2019) Historical data Data from past natural disasters that can be used to train machine learning models for forecasting future events (Jiang et al, 2022) Sensor data Data collected by sensors deployed in disaster-prone areas that can measure seismic activity, water levels, and other variables (Wang et al, 2023b) Mobile phone data Data collected from mobile phone networks that can provide information on population movements and density during disasters (Yabe et al, 2022) Frontiers in Environmental Science frontiersin.org 4 Benefits of using MLA's in disaster preparedness and response…”