“…4 As technology evolves, the study of flexible-joint robotic manipulators (FJRM) has received close attention from researchers and has become a popular topic in last few years. Since the FJRM is a highly nonlinear system, in order for FJRM to work well with the surrounding, scholars have developed diverse control methods, such as feedback linearization control, 5,6 passivity control, 7,8 singular perturbation control, 9,10 adaptive sliding mode control (SMC), 11,12 proportional-derivative control, 13,14 fault tolerant control, 15,16 and adaptive backstepping control. 15,17,18 Among them, the backstepping technique is a Lyapunov-based recursive scheme, which is a broadly used method for nonlinear system control.…”