“…Parameter estimation of bilinear systems is supposed to consider the existence of the bilinear term, which makes the identification more difficult than that of the linear systems. Bilinear modelling approaches such as Walsh functions (Karanam, Frick, & Mohler, 1978), block functions (Dai & Sinha, 1992), Hartley modulating functions (Daniel-Berhe & Unbehauen, 1998) and Volterra series (Inagaki & Mochizuki, 1984) have been widely studied. In the literature, Vicario, Phan, and Betti (2014) proposed an intersection subspace algorithm to identify a bilinear system by using the interaction matrices to establish the relationship between the bilinear states with input-output data.…”