“…Despite the advantages of heterogeneous multi-UAV systems, effective deployment hinges on managing inevitable uncertainties during task execution. The uncertainties can be mainly categorized into environmental (e.g., meteorological condition changes [6], sudden ground threats [7]), task-related (e.g., task location ambiguities [8,9], resource needs [10], and time window variations [11]), and UAV-specific (e.g., inaccuracies in dynamic models [3,[12][13][14], payload performance inconsistencies [3,15], and unexpected UAV failures [16,17]). It is imperative for task planning to comprehensively consider the potential consequences of these uncertainties and accordingly adapt the task plans, thereby minimizing their disruptive effects on the overall task execution.…”