Robust Optimization of a Thermal Anti-Ice Protection System in Uncertain Cloud Conditions

Gallia, Mariachiara; Gutiérrez, Bárbara Arizmendi; Gori, Giulio; Guardone, Alberto; Congedo, Pietro Marco

doi:10.2514/1.c037223

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 35 publications

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“…It is a critical safety issue in aeronautics since it disrupts the aircraft's aerodynamics. Computational fluid dynamics techniques are valuable for simulating different and potentially extreme conditions that complement experimental and in-flight campaigns, better understanding how ice accretion affects aerodynamic performances, and designing optimal ice protection systems [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-step ice accretion on complex three-dimensional geometries

Donizetti

2023

Materials Research Proceedings

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Abstract. This work presents the Politecnico di Milano Icing Research Group's contribution to developing new numerical tools and methodologies for simulating long-term in-flight icing over complex three-dimensional geometries. PoliMIce is an in-house ice accretion software that includes state-of-the-art solvers for the dispersed phase to compute the droplets’ impact on the aircraft, and ice accretion models, including the exact local solution of the unsteady Stefan problem. PoliMIce has also been extensively developed for the simulation and robust design optimization of thermal ice protection systems. A crucial aspect that characterizes and makes numerical simulations challenging is the formation, and evolution in time of complex ice geometries, resulting from the ice accretion over the body surface and/or previously formed ice. A multi-step procedure is implemented since the aerodynamic flow field is coupled with ice accretion. The total icing exposure time is subdivided into smaller time steps. At each time step, a three-dimensional body-fitted mesh suitable for the computation of the aerodynamic flow field around the updated geometry is generated automatically. The novel remeshing procedure is based on an implicit domain representation of the ice-air interface through a level-set method and Delaunay triangulation to generate a new conformal body-fitted mesh. In this work, the unique capabilities of the PoliMIce suite are employed to perform automatic multi-step ice accretion simulations over a swept wing in glaze ice conditions. Numerical simulations are hence compared with the available experimental data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-step ice accretion on complex three-dimensional geometries

Donizetti

2023

Materials Research Proceedings

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Novel Framework for the Robust Optimization of the Heat Flux Distribution for an Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System and Airfoil Performance Analysis

Gallia¹,

Guardone²,

Congedo³

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">We present a framework for the robust optimization of the heat flux distribution for an anti-ice electro-thermal ice protection system (AI-ETIPS) and iced airfoil performance analysis under uncertain conditions. The considered uncertainty regards a lack of knowledge concerning the characteristics of the cloud i.e. the liquid water content and the median volume diameter of water droplets, and the accuracy of measuring devices i.e., the static temperature probe, uncertain parameters are modeled as uniform random variables. A forward uncertainty propagation analysis is carried out using a Monte Carlo approach. The optimization framework relies on a gradient-free algorithm (Mesh Adaptive Direct Search) and three different problem formulations are considered in this work. Two bi-objective deterministic optimizations aim to minimize power consumption and either minimize ice formations or the iced airfoil drag coefficient. A robust optimization formulation was also considered aiming to maximize the statistical frequency of the fully evaporative operating regime for fixed power consumption. The framework is applied to a reference test case, revealing the potential to improve the evaporation efficiency of the baseline design, increasing flight safety even at non-nominal conditions. We also conducted a preliminary examination of the impact of run-back ice formations on airfoil performance during a brief ice encounter in uncertain cloud conditions to understand how the rate of ice accretion relates to an airfoil performance metric, such as the drag coefficient. The analysis found that reducing the rate of ice build-up may not necessarily diminish the detrimental effects on aerodynamic performance, except when the rate is very low. Further studies are ongoing to explore airfoil performance degradation in more detail and to reduce the optimization framework computational cost.</div></div>

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Robust Optimization of a Thermal Anti-Ice Protection System in Uncertain Cloud Conditions

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

Multi-step ice accretion on complex three-dimensional geometries

Multi-step ice accretion on complex three-dimensional geometries

Novel Framework for the Robust Optimization of the Heat Flux Distribution for an Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System and Airfoil Performance Analysis

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