Robustness of HPHC Reduction for THS 2.2 Aerosol Compared with 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke Under High Intensity Puffing Conditions

Goujon, Catherine; Kleinhans, Samuel; Maeder, Serge; Poget, Laurent; Schaller, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.2478/cttr-2020-0008

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In this context, the study demonstrated that, overall, the concentrations of investigated HPHCs were reduced by at least 90% under HCI and extreme climatic conditions, and this was established with a conservative approach including various climatic conditions for generating 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke, which was used as a reference. The concept of thresholds applied for robust concentration reduction was introduced in a previous study (16) to categorize each HPHC investigated in THS 2.2 as a function of its demonstrated level of robust reduction. The same methodology was adopted in this study, and, as expected, THS 2.2 showed a robust performance in terms of HPHC reductions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In place of the WHOdefined conditions for "Subtropical and Mediterranean" (9). As applied in a previous investigation (16), our approach was again to use puff volume adjustment to express the yields for each individual constituent. Although the total puff volume is fixed for THS 2.2, we anticipated that the combustion rate of the tobacco rod of the 3R4F reference cigarette could change with climatic conditions, and therefore influence the total number of available puffs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, we intentionally retained the same approach for determining the average HPHC reduction levels across climatic conditions, which not only considers yields expressed on a total puff volume basis, but also yields adjusted in relation to nicotine delivery (nicotine-adjusted yield, expressed as HPHC yield per milligram of nicotine), which is commonly used to express the level of toxicants to which cigarette smokers would be exposed (17)(18). Furthermore, we used the concept of including a threshold of robust reduction, which was also introduced in our previous article (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

Poget

Goujon

Kleinhans

et al. 2021

Contributions to Tobacco &Amp; Nicotine Research

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Summary In order to assess robustness for the reduction of harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) levels generated by the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a heated tobacco product, we compared the aerosol of this product with mainstream smoke from the 3R4F reference cigarette under different conditions of temperature and humidity. The desired climatic conditions were achieved by using an air-conditioning system coupled with the smoking-machine housing. Two extreme climatic conditions were selected, representing a “Hot and Dry” climate (30 °C and 35% relative humidity RH) and a “Hot and Very Humid” climate (30 °C and 75% RH). In addition, aerosol and smoke were generated using the standard conditions recognized for smoking-machine analyses of tobacco products (22 °C and 60% RH), which were close to the climatic conditions defined for “Subtropical and Mediterranean” environments (25 °C and 60% RH). The experimental conditions were chosen to simulate the use of THS 2.2 and cigarettes under extreme conditions of temperature and humidity. HeatSticks and cigarettes taken from freshly opened packs were subjected to short-term conditioning from two to a few more days under the same experimental conditions. We analyzed 54 HPHCs in THS 2.2 aerosol and 3R4F cigarette smoke, generated in accordance with the Health Canada Intense (HCI) standard, using modified temperature and humidity conditions for sample conditioning and machine-smoking experiments. We used a volume-adjusted approach for comparing HPHC reductions across the different climatic conditions investigated. Although a single puffing regimen was used, the total puff volume recorded for the 3R4F cigarette smoke varied due to the influence of temperature and humidity on combustion rate, which justified the use of a volume-adjusted approach. Volume-adjusted yields were derived from HPHC yields expressed in mass-per-tobacco stick normalized per total puff volume. The results indicated that, regardless of the considered climatic conditions, the HPHC levels investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol were reduced by at least 90%, on average, when compared with the concentrations in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. This confirmed the robustness in performance for THS 2.2 to deliver reduced levels of HPHCs under the extreme climatic conditions investigated in this study. In order to further characterize the robustness of these reductions, the lowest reduction performance achieved for individual HPHCs across all climatic conditions was used to define the threshold for a robust reduction. The majority of the 54 HPHCs investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol showed more than 90% reduction. Calculations derived from nicotine-adjusted yields also confirmed robust reductions for all investigated HPHCs. The small differences in absolute reduction between the volume- and nicotine-adjusted approaches were predominantly attributed to a combination of the differences in both nominal nicotine deliveries and total puff volumes between THS 2.2 and 3R4F cigarettes; however, this did not influence the determination of robustness. Our findings confirm the value of this approach for assessing the robustness of a product’s performance under different climatic conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

Poget

Goujon

Kleinhans

et al. 2021

Contributions to Tobacco &Amp; Nicotine Research

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“…Table 5 compares the background PAHs in an IQOS heat stick tobacco 59 to those released in IQOS (THS 2.2) emissions using various tobacco blends (FR1, A–E, see Table 5 for description of the different tobacco blends) in heat sticks and the 3R4F reference cigarette. 38 The yields of PAHs released are lower than heat stick background levels for tobaccos with high yields of background PAHs (samples FR1, A, B and D), on one hand suggesting they may arise primarily from distillation.…”

Section: Can Pahs Form By Thermal Breakdown In Iqos?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,6,8,29,38 Cozzani et al 4 and other PMI researchers 38 attributed the presence of benzo[a] pyrene in IQOS emission to the contamination of tobacco leaves from the environment (resulting from other combustion sources) during growing and curing, because PAHs do not occur naturally in biomass. However, comparing the background PAHs of IQOS tobacco for a recent PMI study 59 to PAHs in IQOS emission from an earlier PMI study 38 (Table 5) for the same sets of samples suggests this is too simplistic an explanation and that PAH formation via pyrolysis could be occurring in IQOS, potentially at hot spots.…”

Section: Iqos?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence

Uguna

Snape

2022

ACS Omega

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The chemical evidence that IQOS emissions fit the definition of both an aerosol and smoke, and that IQOS and potentially other heated tobacco products (HTPs) pose some harmful health threats from the range of compounds released even at somewhat lower concentrations is reviewed. Further, we address the yields of harmful and potentially harmful compounds (HPHCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the constituents of IQOS emission that are diagnostic of pyrolysis to provide information on the temperatures reached in IQOS tobacco sticks. The HPHCs present in IQOS emissions are the same as in conventional cigarette smoke (CCs), analogous to emissions from earlier generation of HTPs classed as smoke. However, Philip Morris International (PMI) studies have to some degree underestimated IQOS aerosol HPHC yields, which are a factor of between 3.2 and 3.6 higher when expressed on a tobacco rather than an IQOS stick basis compared to the reference 3R4F cigarette. Further, IQOS emissions contain carbon particles, which fit definition of both aerosol and smoke. Continual reheating of deposited tar in the IQOS device will occur with real-life use, likely leading to generation of even higher concentrations of HPHCs and particulate matter. Despite IQOS not exceeding 350 °C, local hot spots could exist, causing formation of species (phenol/cresols, PAHs). It is recommended that the impact of repeated use to determine the levels of black carbon (insoluble organic matter) in the particulate matter, and the extent to which compounds in IQOS emissions are formed by pyrolysis need to be assessed rigorously. To address whether uneven temperature profiles in heat sticks can lead to potential hot spots that could, for example, lead to PAH formation, it is recommended that pyrolysis studies on tobacco and other constituents of HTPs are required in conjunction with more effort on heating tobacco blends under controlled temperature/time conditions.

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Mapping of tobacco conversion characteristics in electrically heated systems: Effect of air and temperatures on the onset of combustion and formation of volatile species

Bechikhi,

Masson,

Herbinet

et al. 2024

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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Robustness of HPHC Reduction for THS 2.2 Aerosol Compared with 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke Under High Intensity Puffing Conditions

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence

Mapping of tobacco conversion characteristics in electrically heated systems: Effect of air and temperatures on the onset of combustion and formation of volatile species

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