Robustness of the<i>F</i>-Test to Errors of Both Kinds and the Correlation Between the Numerator and Denominator of the<i>F</i>-Ratio

Donaldson, Theodore S.

doi:10.1080/01621459.1968.11009285

Cited by 75 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…To prevent a Type I error, the alpha value was lowered to .01. Furthermore, the ANOVA is a robust statistical test and it is likely that the tests will still be statistically valid (Donaldson, 1968;Field, 2009). Table 7 shows the results show the results of the ANOVA.…”

Section: Self-report Versus Caregiver Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

PTSD Symptoms in Intellectually Disabled Victims of Sexual Assault

Shabalala

Jasson²

2011

South African Journal of Psychology

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The high rates of sexual violence in the country suggest that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are likely to be sexually victimised. Rape and sexual assault have negative consequences for survivors, with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) being the most common psychiatric diagnosis used to capture the reaction to this trauma. This study sought to investigate the presence of PTSD symptoms in a group of people with ID who had been sexually abused. The Child PTSD Checklist was administered to 54 individuals with ID -27 with and 27 without a known history of sexual abuse. The Checklist was also administered to the care-givers of those who had been sexually abused. Higher rates of a PTSD diagnosis and a higher intensity of PTSD symptoms were found in the group with than in the group without a history of sexual abuse. There were no significant differences between self and care-giver reports with respect to the prevalence of a PTSD diagnosis, but there were differences on the different symptom clusters. The results indicate that survivors with ID should be asked directly about their internal subjective experiences, with care-giver reports being used as collateral information, and that therapeutic interventions following sexual abuse should be offered.

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Section: Self-report Versus Caregiver Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

PTSD Symptoms in Intellectually Disabled Victims of Sexual Assault

Shabalala

Jasson²

2011

South African Journal of Psychology

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“…Note that our approximation to model the envelope contribution with a single power-law Plummer profile is not expected to affect our detection of disk-like structures from the visibility curves at long baselines since a flatter inner density power law index produces a steeper visibility curve. 5 For more information on the Fisher test, see for exampleDonaldson (1968) and references therein.Article number, page 11 of 47 A&A proofs: manuscript no. ms-langedit-arxiv…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare

Maury

André

Testi

et al. 2019

A&A

149

246

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Context. Understanding the formation mechanisms of protoplanetary disks and multiple systems and also their pristine properties are key questions for modern astrophysics. The properties of the youngest disks, embedded in rotating infalling protostellar envelopes, have largely remained unconstrained up to now. Aims. We aim to observe the youngest protostars with a spatial resolution that is high enough to resolve and characterize the progenitors of protoplanetary disks. This can only be achieved using submillimeter and millimeter interferometric facilities. In the framework of the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer survey CALYPSO, we have obtained subarcsecond observations of the dust continuum emission at 231 GHz and 94 GHz for a sample of 16 solar-type Class 0 protostars. Methods. In an attempt to identify disk-like structures embedded at small scales in the protostellar envelopes, we modeled the dust continuum emission visibility profiles using Plummer-like envelope models and envelope models that include additional Gaussian disk-like components.Results. Our analysis shows that in the CALYPSO sample, 11 of the 16 Class 0 protostars are better reproduced by models including a disk-like dust continuum component contributing to the flux at small scales, but less than 25% of these candidate protostellar disks are resolved at radii > 60 au. Including all available literature constraints on Class 0 disks at subarcsecond scales, we show that our results are representative: most (> 72% in a sample of 26 protostars) Class 0 protostellar disks are small and emerge only at radii < 60 au. We find a multiplicity fraction of the CALYPSO protostars < ∼ 57% ± 10% at the scales 100-5000 au, which generally agrees with the multiplicity properties of Class I protostars at similar scales. Conclusions. We compare our observational constraints on the disk size distribution in Class 0 protostars to the typical disk properties from protostellar formation models. If Class 0 protostars contain similar rotational energy as is currently estimated for prestellar cores, then hydrodynamical models of protostellar collapse systematically predict a high occurrence of large disks. Our observations suggest that these are rarely observed, however. Because they reduce the centrifugal radius and produce a disk size distribution that peaks at radii < 100 au during the main accretion phase, magnetized models of rotating protostellar collapse are favored by our observations.

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“…The results of these tests were consistent with the results from the ANOVAs. Note that numerous studies have reported robustness of the F-statistic with non-normal data, especially when the sample size is large as in our study (Donaldson, 1968; Ramseyer and Tcheng, 1973; Bevan et al, 1974). When reporting significance values of factors and interactions, partial eta-squared was reported as the effect size.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Gender Differences in Throwing Revisited: Sensorimotor Coordination in a Virtual Ball Aiming Task

Crozier

Zhang

Park

et al. 2019

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Numerous studies have demonstrated that boys throw balls faster, farther and more accurately than girls. This may be largely due to well-known anatomical and muscle-physiological differences that play a central role in overarm throwing. With the objective to understand the potential contribution of the equally essential coordinative aspects in throwing for this gender difference, this large cross-sectional study examined a simplified forearm throw that eliminated the requirements that give males an advantage.While the overall performance error indeed became similar in the age groups younger than 20 years and older than 50 years, it was attenuated for middle-aged individuals. The gender differences remained in individuals who reported no throwing experience, but females with throwing experience reached similar performance as males. Two fine-grained spatiotemporal metrics displayed similar age-dependent gender disparities: while overall, males showed better spatiotemporal coordination of the ball release, age group comparisons specified that it was particularly middle-aged females that made more timing errors and did not develop a noise-tolerant strategy as males did. As throwing experience did not explain this age-dependency, the results are discussed in the context of spatial abilities and video game experience, both more pronounced in males. In contrast, a measure of rhythmicity developed over successive throws only revealed weak gender differences, speaking to the fundamental tendency in humans to fall into rhythmic patterns. Only the youngest individuals between 5 and 9 years of age showed significantly less rhythmicity in their performance. This computational study was performed in a large cohort in the context of an outreach activity, demonstrating that robust quantitative measures can also be obtained in less controlled environments. The findings also alert that motor neuroscience may need to pay more attention to gender differences.

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Robustness of theF-Test to Errors of Both Kinds and the Correlation Between the Numerator and Denominator of theF-Ratio

Cited by 75 publications

References 5 publications

PTSD Symptoms in Intellectually Disabled Victims of Sexual Assault

PTSD Symptoms in Intellectually Disabled Victims of Sexual Assault

Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare

Gender Differences in Throwing Revisited: Sensorimotor Coordination in a Virtual Ball Aiming Task

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