Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests

Alves, Carlos; Figueiredo, Carlos; Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Jorge

doi:10.3390/geosciences10030091

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Dry and saturated unit weights of granites with low porosity depend almost exclusively on chemical and mineralogical compositions of these rocks (Siegesmund and Dürrast 2014). Salt crystallization causes the disintegration of rocks without significant chemical change (Alves et al 2020). Va-G showed higher reduction in dry and saturated unit weights than Sh-M during the aging tests, particularly after the 20th cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Zalooli

Khamehchiyan

Nikudel

et al. 2020

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Salt crystallization-induced decay of Vardavard granodiorite and Shirkouh monzogranite, two Iranian building stones, were assessed with two non-destructive methods: saturation-buoyancy technique and P-and S-wave velocity measurement. Moreover, polarized and fluorescence microscopy studies were used to evaluate the behavior of the studied stones at microscopic scale against a salt crystallization aging test. The aging test extended pre-existing microcracks and generated new ones. Intracrystalline microcracking was the most predominant microcrack type for both samples. Fine-grained Vardavard granodiorite experienced higher intercrystalline microcracking than coarse-grained Shirkouh monzogranite. The microcracking mechanism of feldspars substantially depends on their alteration degree and microstructural precursors. When a growing microcrack reaches a biotite, it propagates within the crystal if the growing microcrack coincides with the cleavage plane; otherwise, it propagates as an intercrystalline one. The increase in maximum microcrack length of the samples was higher than the increase in their mean microcrack length. Low-strength Vardavard granodiorite showed higher microcrack width after the aging test. Dry weight loss in low-strength Vardavard granodiorite was more pronounced than in high-strength Shirkouh monzogranite. Dry unit weight decreased at a higher rate than saturated unit weight with the increase of effective porosity. The reduction in ultrasonic wave velocities and the increment in effective porosity and water absorption were more pronounced for Vardavard granodiorite, indicating a higher degree of decay, i.e., higher microcrack generation, enlargement, and widening. Shirkouh monzogranite, which has large-sized crystals and pores, wider initial microcracks, high tensile strength, and low effective porosity and microcrack density, was more durable than Vardavard granodiorite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Zalooli

Khamehchiyan

Nikudel

et al. 2020

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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“…The immersion groundwater was gathered from the Yungang Grottoes, in order to replicate the field conditions rather than conducting accelerated an ageing test (Alves et al, 2020; Lubelli et al, 2018, 2022). As listed in Table 1, for the CC, B and C series, the cylindrical specimens were partially immersed in groundwater at a height of 50 mm (half the height of the rock specimens).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving mechanisms and hydro‐chemical variation for assessing salt‐induced weathering of sandstone in grotto relics

Wang,

Yan,

Ren

2024

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Salt weathering is considered as one of the most damaging processes acting on cultural heritage sites and salt crystallization significantly contributes to the deterioration of natural sandstone in grotto relics. A laboratory partial immersion experiment was carried out to elucidate how humidity influences the salt‐induced weathering in grotto relics. Field environmental observations at the Yungang Grottoes were conducted to evaluate the differences between experimental endeavours and field observations. Superficial salt accumulation was characterized by hydro‐chemical and quantitative atomistic analysis. It revealed the co‐existence of calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate, with a Ca/Mg molar ratio of 0.27 at RHam and 4.13–18.15 at a constant RH. An average increase of 165 mg/L in Na+ concentration and 120.7 mg/L in Mg2+ concentration in the groundwater was detected after immersion, which was attributed to the dissolution of the sandstone rock. The reduction of 322.5 mg/L in the SO42− concentration in the groundwater after partial immersion shows that capillary forces influence the migration of SO42− from the immersion solution. Calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate accumulation with a Ca/Mg molar ratio of 0.03–0.17 in the field environment is strongly correlated with the occurrence of salt efflorescence. The upward transport of soluble salt was driven by capillary forces after partial immersion in the groundwater collected from the Yungang Grottoes. It then migrated from the interior to the exterior of the sandstone specimen due to evaporation. Salt efflorescence formed on the upper exposed stone close to the capillary fringe owing to the combined effects of condensation, hygroscopicity and evaporation. These processes were driven by wetting–drying and dissolution–crystallization cycles in response to fluctuating environmental conditions. These results contribute to a better understanding the mechanism of salt‐induced weathering and provide a basis for future conservation to mitigate the harmful impact of salts in heritage sites.

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“…The smaller pores are more prone to frost damage and this lithotypes might have lower strength [24]. It has been outlined that the porosity and pore structure of limestone are good indicators of their durability [20,25]. The oolitic limestone lithotype is prone to freeze-thaw damage and also to thermal degradation [26].…”

Section: Microscopic Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Historic Binders and Stones of a Ruined Medieval Church (Hungary)

Kósa

Török

2020

Period. Polytech. Civil Eng.

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Construction materials of a partly ruined Medieval church of Central Hungary were studied in details to assess its conditions and to obtain information on the phases of construction. At first, digital images were taken to create a 3D model of the remaining walls. The material properties were measured in situ using non-destructive test methods. Strength parameters of stone and render were assessed by Schmidt hammer, while moisture content was measured by a portable moisture meter. According to lithological descriptions and thin-section analyses limestone prevail in the monument. The most common Miocene limestone is represented by various lithologies, such as cemented macro porous limestone, fine-grained porous limestone, oolitic limestone and bioclastic limestone. Mesozoic micritic well cemented limestone and Tertiary limonitic sandstone were also identified at the ruins. The most common weathering forms are selective dissolution, multiple flaking and biological colonisation. Renders used in the structure represents the long history of the structure from Medieval lime-based mortars to Portland cement containing latest applications. The former one is composed of quartz send in lime binder. According to Schmidt hammer tests, the rebound values of the replacement stone is higher than that of the original porous limestone. There is a distinct difference in the moisture content of the stone and render. Orientation/exposure of the wall also influences the moisture content. The gathered information allows for designing better repair methods and helps in the planning of the maintenance of the medieval stone heritage.

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Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests

Cited by 10 publications

References 77 publications

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Driving mechanisms and hydro‐chemical variation for assessing salt‐induced weathering of sandstone in grotto relics

Characterization of Historic Binders and Stones of a Ruined Medieval Church (Hungary)

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