Rockfall Analysis Based on UAV Technology in Kazıklıali Gorge, Aladağlar (Taurus Mountains, Turkey)

Abstract

Rockfall is one of the most dangerous hazards in mountainous and hilly areas. In this study, rockfall characteristics of the Kazıklıali Gorge (0.25 km 2) in the lower Emli River Basin located in the SW part of the Aladağlar Mountains was investigated using unmanned air vehicle (UAV) technology and rockfall modeling. To determine rockfall properties, an orthophoto and digital surface model which have a 3 cm resolution were created using UAV images. Then, whole fallen blocks more than 0.5 m in diameter were digitized as polygons in GIS. As a result, 10,348 fallen rocks were determined in Kazıklıali Gorge. Via these polygons, density maps were created and frequency distributions were calculated. According to the spatial distribution of density, the geomorphological characteristics of the canyon affect the rockfall density. While the upper and middle parts of the canyon which are the narrowest have high density, the lower part of the valley which is the largest part has low density. The results of 3D rockfall analysis show that the maximum kinetic energy, maximum jump height and maximum velocity reaches 1400 kJ, 15 m and 32 m/s on the canyon walls, respectively. The upper and middle parts of the canyon walls which correspond to high rockfall density have maximum kinetic energy, rock jump height and rock velocity.

Creation of a Virtual Tour .Exe Utilizing Very High-Resolution RGB UAV Data

“…Also, breakthroughs in the technological field progressively improve the efficiency of UAVs. Day by day, UAV data became indispensable in several applications such as cultural heritage documentation (Eisenbeiss and Zhang, 2006;Lo Brutto et al, 2014;Martínez-Carricondo et al, 2020;Karakaş and Altınışık, 2020), archeology (Lin et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2014;Campana, 2017), architectural modelling (Achille et al, 2015;Silva et al, 2020), natural hazard monitoring (Hirokawa et al, 2007;Gazioğlu et al, 2017;Annis et al, 2020;Utlu et al, 2020;;Bayırhan and Gazioğlu, 2020;İncekara and Şeker, 2021), water quality analysis (Ozdoğan et al, 2021) and precision (digital) agriculture (Bendig et al, 2013;Tsouros et al, 2019). The most significant reason for this large demand is easily generated high-quality 3D dense point clouds and textured mesh models by means of high-resolution UAV aerial photos using structure from motion (SfM) based image matching software such as Agisoft Metashape, Pix4D, and RealityCapture (Sefercik et al, 2019;Tan and Li, 2019;Pepe and Costantino et al, 2021).…”

Evaluation of Rockfall Hazard Based On UAV Technology And 3D Rockfall Simulations

“…Rockfalls, which are very di cult to predict in terms of occurrence time and pattern are one of the mass movements causing most damage and loss of life. Falling rocks cause great damage to areas like roads, settlement units and infrastructure, in addition to causing great risk for human life (Tanarro and Munoz 2012;Lu et al 2019; Utlu et al 2020a). Rockfalls have high potential to occur rapidly and suddenly at different angles and occur in nearly all conditions and different rock groups (Fityus et al 2013;Singh et al 2016;Gül et al 2016).…”

“…), vegetation root development, tectonism and weathering features, and (3) anthropogenic factors like road construction, wrong engineering practices, explosives used during mine excavations, and building-foundation work (Bull et al 1994;Mccarroll et al 1998;Matsuoka 1999 Rockfall events frequently occur in Turkey, at different locations and elevations, in settlement units founded in both mountainous areas and near high slopes. Rockfall events are the most frequent natural disasters after earthquakes, landslides and oods in Turkey and lead the topics studied in Turkey (Taga and Utlu et al 2021Utlu et al , 2020a. This study investigated the rockfall hazard in Hacıabdullah village located in Niğde province in Central Anatolia which has experienced rockfalls both in the past and at present.…”

Evaluation of Rockfall Hazard Based On UAV Technology And 3D Rockfall Simulations

“…Rockfall events frequently occur in Turkey, at different locations and elevations, in settlement units founded in both mountainous areas and adjacent to high slopes. Rockfall are the most frequent natural disasters after earthquakes, landslides, and oods in Turkey (Taga and Zorlu 2016, Dinçer et al 2016, Gül et al 2016, Aydın and Eker 2017, Geniş et al 2017, Kayabaşı 2018, Akın et al 2019, Utlu et al 2021, 2020a, 2020b. In this study, rockfall hazard was investigated in Hacıabdullah village located in Niğde province in Central Anatolia.…”

“…Falling rocks exert signi cant damage on roads, settlement units, and infrastructure, in addition to causing great risk for human life (Tanarro and Munoz 2012, Lu et al 2019, Utlu et al 2020a. Due to the enormous speed of falling blocks, rockfalls may rapidly and suddenly occur at different angles, in nearly all conditions and different rock groups (Fityus et al 2013, Singh et al 2016, Gül et al 2016.…”