Rodent Ectoparasites in the Middle East: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Rodents carry many ectoparasites, such as ticks, lice, fleas, and mites, which have potential public health importance. Middle Eastern countries are hotspots for many emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as plague, leishmaniasis, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever, due to their ecological, socioeconomic, and political diversity. Rodent ectoparasites can act as vectors for many of these pathogens. Knowledge of rodent ectoparasites is of prime importance in controlling rodent ectoparasite-borne zoonotic diseases in this region. The current systematic review and meta-analysis performs a comprehensive synthesis of the available knowledge, providing an evidence-based overview of the ectoparasites detected on rodents in Middle Eastern countries. Following a systematic search in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science, a total of 113 published articles on rodent ectoparasites were studied and analyzed. A total of 87 rodent species were documented, from which Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus were found to be the most common. Fleas were the most reported ectoparasites (87 articles), followed by mites (53), ticks (44), and lice (25). Xenopsylla cheopis, Polyplax spinulosa, Ornithonyssus bacoti, and Hyalomma rhipicephaloides were the most commonly described fleas, lice, mites, and ticks, respectively. Based on the reviewed articles, the median flea, louse, mite, and tick indices were highest in Israel (4.15), Egypt (1.39), Egypt (1.27), and Saudi Arabia (1.17), respectively. Quantitative meta-analysis, using a random-effects model, determined the overall pooled flea prevalence in the Middle East as 40% (95% CI: 25–55, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), ranging between 13% (95% CI: 0–30, I2 = 95%, p < 0.00001) in Iran and 59% (95% CI: 42–77, I2 = 75%, p < 0.00001) in Israel. The overall pooled louse prevalence was found to be 30% (95% CI: 13–47, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), ranging between 25% in Iran (95% CI: 1–50, I2 = 99%) and 38% in Egypt (95% CI: 7–68, I2 = 100%). In the case of mites, the pooled prevalence in this region was 33% (95% CI: 11–55, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), where the country-specific prevalence estimates were 30% in Iran (95% CI: 4–56, I2 = 99%) and 32% in Egypt (95% CI: 0–76, I2 = 100%). For ticks, the overall prevalence was found to be 25% (95% CI: 2–47, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), ranging from 16% in Iran (95% CI: 7–25, I2 = 74%) to 42% in Egypt (95% CI: 1–85, I2 = 100%). The control of rodent ectoparasites should be considered to reduce their adverse effects. Using the One Health strategy, rodent control, and precisely control of the most common rodent species, i.e., Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus, should be considered to control the rodent-borne ectoparasites in this region.

The prevalence of Q fever in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The results of our study were slightly different from those of a meta-analysis that was conducted on rodent parasites in the Middle East. In our study, tick prevalence was 18%, compared to 25% in the Middle East [ 41 ]. This small difference may be explained by a different context.…”

Automatic barcode gap discovery reveals diverse clades of Rhipicephalus spp. and Haemaphysalis spp. ticks from small mammals in 'Asir, Saudi Arabia

“…However, no morphological description (in particular, how the specimens were differentiated from R. camicasi) or molecular barcode was provided for this unidenti ed Rhipicephalus sp. Overall, these studies from Arabia highlight distinct differences compared with the wider Middle East, as a recent systematic review reported that Hyalomma rhipicephaloides and Ixodes eldaricus were the most prevalent ticks found on rodents in the whole region [50].…”

Novel Theileria sp. as an Etiology of Cutaneous Theileriosis among the Vulnerable Arabian Oryx

“…Each species seems restricted to a specified geographical zone, with particular genera of ticks reported to act as vectors for particular Theileria sp., such as Amblyomma as a vector for T. mutans and T. velifera ; Haemaphysalis as a vector for T. orientalis , T. uilenbergi , and T. luwenshuni ; Hyalomma as vector for T. annulata , T. lestoquardi , and T. separata ; and Rhipicephalus as a vector for T. parva , T. taurotragi , T. ovis , and T. lestoquardi [ 36 ]. The MENA region has suitable climates as well as favorable conditions for the expansion of ticks and associated TBDs [ 37 , 38 ] due to widespread livestock ranching, the import of animals from other geographical territories, the wildlife population’s abundance supporting ticks’ lifecycles, and climate change conditions [ 39 ]. However, studies on TBDs within the State of Qatar are still scarce, with only reports of Hyalomma dromedarii [ 40 ], Hyalomma impeltatum [ 40 ], and more recently Hyalomma aegyptium vectors [ 41 ].…”