Rodent Models of Depression: Forced Swimming and Tail Suspension Behavioral Despair Tests in Rats and Mice

Porsolt, Roger D.; Brossard, Geneviève; Hautbois, Carine; Roux, Sylvain

doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns0810as14

Cited by 203 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

166

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…For the Porsolt forced swimming test, which evaluates depressive behavior (Porsolt et al 2001), a cylinder (15-cm-diameter and 25-cm-high) filled with water (25 ± 1°C) to a height of 15 cm was used. Each mouse was exposed to swim stress for 2 min, which was based on the previous study (Lafourcade et al 2011), and was monitored from the side by a video camera.…”

Section: Behavioral Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Nutritional Imbalance between Linoleic Acid and Alpha-Linolenic Acid Increases Offspring’s Anxious Behavior with a Sex-Dependent Manner in Mice

Sakayori

Tokuda

Yoshizaki

et al. 2016

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients for normal brain development. The principal dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFAs are linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), respectively, We have previously shown that maternal dietary imbalance between these PUFAs, i.e., rich in LA and poor in ALA, affected brain development and increased anxiety-related behavior in the mouse offspring. Here we further addressed sex difference in anxiety-related behavior in the offspring exposed to maternal LA:ALA imbalance. We fed pregnant mice a LA excess/ALA deficient (LA ex /ALA def ) diet, and raised their offspring on a well-balanced LA:ALA diet from an early lactation period. When the offspring were grown to adulthood, they were subjected to behavioral and biochemical analyses. We found that both male and female offspring exposed to the LA ex /ALA def diet showed increased anxiety-related behavior compared to those exposed to the control diet, which was differently observed between the sexes. The female offspring also exhibited hyperactivity by maternal intake of the LA ex /ALA def diet. On the other hand, abnormal depressive behavior was undetected in both sexes. We also found that the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs in the brain was unaffected regardless of maternal diet or offspring's sex. Since the n-6/n-3 ratio is known to influence emotional behavior, it is reasonable to assume that LA:ALA imbalance exposed during brain development is the key for causing enhanced anxiety in adulthood. The present study indicates that maternal dietary imbalance between LA and ALA increases offspring's anxiety-related behavior with a sex-dependent manner.

show abstract

Section: Behavioral Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Nutritional Imbalance between Linoleic Acid and Alpha-Linolenic Acid Increases Offspring’s Anxious Behavior with a Sex-Dependent Manner in Mice

Sakayori

Tokuda

Yoshizaki

et al. 2016

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…83,84 Mice are secured by the tail to a plastic band (~4 cm wide) with medical adhesive tape (1-1.5 cm of the distal tail) and suspended head-down 30 cm above the lab bench. Mice are scored for immobility over a 6 min test period.…”

Section: Tail Suspension Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mice Genetically Depleted of Brain Serotonin Do Not Display a Depression-like Behavioral Phenotype

Angoa‐Pérez

Kane

Briggs

et al. 2014

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reductions in function within the serotonin (5HT) neuronal system have long been proposed as etiological factors in depression. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common treatment for depression and their therapeutic effect is generally attributed to their ability to increase the synaptic levels of 5HT. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the initial and ratelimiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of 5HT in the CNS and losses in its catalytic activity lead to reductions in 5HT production and release. The time differential between the onset of 5HT reuptake inhibition by SSRIs (minutes) and onset of their anti-depressant efficacy (weeks to months), when considered with their overall poor therapeutic effectiveness, has cast some doubt on the role of 5HT in depression. Mice lacking the gene for TPH2 are genetically depleted of brain 5HT and were tested for a depression-like behavioral phenotype using a battery of valid tests for affective-like disorders in animals. The behavior of TPH2 −/− mice on the sucrose preference test, tail suspension test and forced swim test and their responses in the unpredictable chronic mild stress and learned helplessness paradigms was the same as wild-type controls. While TPH2−/− mice as a group were not responsive to SSRIs, a subset responded to treatment with SSRIs in the same manner as wild-type controls with significant reductions in immobility time on the tail suspension test, indicative of antidepressant drug effects. The behavioral phenotype of the TPH2 −/− mouse questions the role of 5HT in depression. Furthermore, the TPH2 −/− mouse may Detroit, MI 48201-1916. Phone: 313-476-4457, Fax: 313-576-1112. donald.kuhn@wayne.edu. Author Contributions MAP, MJK, DIB, NHM and CES conducted the in vivo behavioral and pharmacological experiments. DMF and MAP conducted the in vitro synaptosomal 5HT uptake experiments. MAP, MJK and DMK interpreted the data. MAP, MJK and DMK conceived of project and wrote the paper. All authors edited and approved the final version of the manuscript. NotesThe authors declare no competing financial interest. SUPPORTING INFORMATION AVAILABLEThe numbers of TPH2+/+ and TPH2−/− mice classified as responders or non-responders (specified by sex) to the SSRIs fluoxetine, citalopram and paroxetine is included in SI Table 1. The immobility time cutoff values for defining whether a subject was classified as a responder or non-responder to SSRIs is presented in SI Table 2. Information on the specific stressors used in the UCMS is included in SI Table 3. This information is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs VA Author ManuscriptVA Author Manuscript VA Author Manuscriptserve as a useful model in the search for new medications that have therapeutic targets for depression that are outside of the 5HT neuronal system. Keywordsserotonin; TPH2; TPH2 knock out; depression-like behavior; SSRIs; SERT The serotonin (5HT) neuronal system innervates nearly the entire neuraxis from...

show abstract

“…Immobility time in the FST is considered a reliable indicator of depressive activity as mice stop engaging in escape-oriented behaviour when placed in an inescapable environment, hence the FST is a commonly used paradigm for testing the efficacy of antidepressant drugs. [30,31] In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that P2X 7 R-KO mice display decreased immobility time compared to wild-type mice, validating the use of the FST as a model for P2X 7 R antagonism in the CNS. [7] After intraperitoneal administration of vehicle or 35, the tests were conducted by placing mice in a clear Plexiglas ® cylinder filled with water, with the immobility time being defined as the time in seconds in which the mouse was passively floating in the chamber.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Discovery and pharmacological evaluation of a novel series of adamantyl cyanoguanidines as P2X7 receptor antagonists

O'Brien-Brown

Jackson

Reekie

et al. 2017

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT:Here we report adamantyl cyanoguanidine compounds based on hybrids of the adamantyl amide scaffold reported by AstraZeneca and cyanoguanidine scaffold reported by Abbott Laboratories. Compound 27 displayed five-fold greater inhibitory potency than the lead compound 3 in both pore-formation and interleukin-1β release assays, while 35-treated mice displayed an antidepressant phenotype in behavioral studies. This SAR study provides a proof of concept for hybrid compounds, which will help in the further development of P2X 7 R antagonists.

show abstract

Rodent Models of Depression: Forced Swimming and Tail Suspension Behavioral Despair Tests in Rats and Mice

Cited by 203 publications

References 12 publications

Maternal Nutritional Imbalance between Linoleic Acid and Alpha-Linolenic Acid Increases Offspring’s Anxious Behavior with a Sex-Dependent Manner in Mice

Maternal Nutritional Imbalance between Linoleic Acid and Alpha-Linolenic Acid Increases Offspring’s Anxious Behavior with a Sex-Dependent Manner in Mice

Mice Genetically Depleted of Brain Serotonin Do Not Display a Depression-like Behavioral Phenotype

Discovery and pharmacological evaluation of a novel series of adamantyl cyanoguanidines as P2X7 receptor antagonists

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About