Role learning in psychotherapy.

Lennard, Henry L.; Bernstein, Arnold

doi:10.1037/h0087926

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…At its extreme, this complete equality will destroy the relationship, for neither participant would ever follow the other's lead. Lennard & Bernstein (1967) agree with this when they state that all orderly social processes require some degree of complementarity in behavior and expectations. Thus the initiations and definitions of the relationship of one participant must to some extent be followed by the other in order for the relationship to continue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Role expectations and symmetrical/complementary therapeutic relationships.

Tracey¹,

Heck²,

Lichtenberg³

1981

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice

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Twenty-five tape-recorded initial therapy interviews were rated on the process variable of topic determination, which was indicative of the type of relationship (either complementary or symmetrical) between client and therapist. Topic determination was defined as the ratio of successful topic changes to topic change initiations. It was hypothesized that matched client-therapist role expectations would be related to a complementary relationship, as determined by a high degree of topic determination. Conversely non-matched client-therapist role expectations would be related to a symmetrical relationship, as determined by a low degree of topic determination. The role expectations of each of the participants, the client and the therapist, were analyzed for their effect upon the degree of topic determination for the therapeutic relationship as a whole, and for the client and the therapist individually. Matched client-therapist role expectations produced a greater degree of topic determination for the relationship, the client and the therapist individually than non-matched client-therapist role expectations. It was concluded that the matched/non-matched client-therapist role expectations is an important variable in determining whether the subsequent therapeutic relationship would be complementary or symmetrical.This study is based on portions of a master's thesis submitted by the first author, under the direction of the second author, to the Counseling Department, University of Kansas. The authors wish to thank David Millar for his important contributions in tape rating, and Douglas Glassnapp, a member of the thesis committee, for his helpful suggestions and comments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Role expectations and symmetrical/complementary therapeutic relationships.

Tracey¹,

Heck²,

Lichtenberg³

1981

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice

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“…Our preliminary data suggest that the PEI is less a measure of relatively stable "dimensions of transference" (Apfelbaum, 1958) than a measure of situational, therapist-influenced "indoctrination" into particular patient roles. The initial therapy hours are crucial to the development of compatible role-definitions for both therapist and patient (Lennard & Bernstein, 1967) and the possibility that the PEI might reflect the nature of this role-learning process invites further work.…”

Section: Psychotherapy Expectancy Inventory (Pei)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient's role-expectancies in psychotherapy: A theoretical and measurement approach.

Rickers-Ovsiankina

Geller²,

Berzins³

et al. 1971

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice

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Before patient meets therapist, each has some idea how their interaction should or probably will proceed, i.e., expectancies regarding their roles (rights, obligations, and "appropriate" behaviors). Some writers have viewed role-expectancies as a crucial variable in treatment (see references).Three categories of roles may have some generality. Ruesch ( 1948), using open-ended questions with duodenal ulcer patients, observed that patients expected their physicians to be nurturant or authoritative, or to display an "ideal" personality. Apfelbaum (1958), in a cluster analysis of the pretherapy Q sorts of outpatients at a university clinic, found that patients anticipated dealing with nurturant, critical, or "well-adjusted listener" (Model) therapists. These role-expectancy "types" Apfelbaum interpreted as change-resisting "dimensions of transference." This triad of roles has also been corroborated by several other investigators (Deskins et al., 1960;Goldstein & Heller, 1960;Lorr, 1965). We have chosen to call these three categories Nurturant (NURT), Critical (CRIT), and Self-Reliant (SELF), denoting the respective expectancies of "being taken care of," "being straightened out," and "being helped to help oneself."

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“…We determined that a nontreatment control group was unnecessary for this study because the literature indicates that precounseling preparation has a positive influence on counseling outcomes (Lennard & Bernstein, 1967;Orne & Wender, 1968;Rotter, 1973;Strupp 8c Bloxom, 1973).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Written Versus Videotaped Precounseling Training of Clients for Counseling

Stewart

Jessell

1986

Couns Edu & Supervision

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The comparative effects of two types of precounseling training in facilitating client‐counselor relationships and client self‐exploration of internally and externally oriented clients were investigated. Treatments included viewing a videotaped, simulated, initial counseling session depicting desirable client and counselor behavior and the reading of a document that matched the content of the videotape. Sixty college undergraduates, who presented themselves as first‐time counselees, were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments and classified as internally or externally oriented. Both internally and externally oriented clients who experienced videotaped precounseling training reported a significantly higher level of client‐counselor relationship than internally and externally oriented clients who experienced written precounseling training. No significant differences were found for level of self‐exploration according to either type of precounseling training or locus of control orientation.

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Role learning in psychotherapy.

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Role expectations and symmetrical/complementary therapeutic relationships.

Role expectations and symmetrical/complementary therapeutic relationships.

Patient's role-expectancies in psychotherapy: A theoretical and measurement approach.

Written Versus Videotaped Precounseling Training of Clients for Counseling

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