Role of adult sheep in transmission of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum to lambs: confirmation of periparturient rise

Ortega‐Mora, Luis Miguel; Requejo-Fernández, J.A.; Pilar-Izquierdo, M; Pereira-Bueno, J.

doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00077-6

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…oocyst faecal count was also observed previously in other mammalian species (Faber et al, 2002;Taylor et al, 2007;Bruhn et al, 2011;Turner et al, 2012). Moreover, the periparturient increase in the emission of (oo)cysts was also reported for other intestinal protozoa, such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in infected sheep and goats (Xiao et al, 1994;Ortega-Mora et al, 1999;Castro-Hermida et al, 2005). In wild rabbits, the periparturient increase in the emission of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis eggs was evidenced (Hobbs et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits

2013

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The dynamic change in faecal Eimeria oocyst excretion was evaluated in 10 naturally infected female rabbits, starting from their weaning at 33 d of age until about 1 mo after their second parturition. Faecal samples collected from examined animals were quali-quantitatively analysed to evaluate presence and number of Eimeria oocysts. In addition, isolated Eimeria oocysts were identified at the species level following sporulation. Animals were found to be infected by Eimeria perforans, Eimeria exigua and Eimeria magna and shed Eimeria oocysts after weaning and after parturition. In particular, at 33 d of age all female rabbits examined were negative, while the discharge of Eimeria oocysts started at 39 th day of age and peaked between 46 th and 53 rd day of age. From 81-109 d of age until the first parturition and from 25 d of age of the litters born at the first parturition to the second parturition, all animals resulted negative. After parturition, Eimeria oocyst output occurred from 6 th to 12 th day after the first parturition and from 7 th to 13 th day after the second parturition, while a second period of oocyst excretion was observed from 18 th to 24 th day after both parturitions. These findings may indicate the existence of a relationship between the periparturient phase and Eimeria oocyst output and suggest an important role of the mothers in transmission of the infection to their litters.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits

2013

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“…In our observations, it was remarkable that the infections from mild to severe were found at high percentages in the ≤7 day-old age group and at low percentages in the >21 day-old age group. Adult sheep being an asymptomatic carrier was shown to increase oocyst excretion in cryptosporidial infections between lambing periods (Xiao et al 1994;Ortega-Mora et al 1999). In the current study, oocyst excretion rose with the increase in the number of animals and deterioration of the hygienic conditions of sheep farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…water) play role in the spread of Cryptosporidium sp. in domestic animals (MaldonadoCamargo et al 1998;Ortega-Mora et al 1999;Causape et al 2002;Delafosse et al 2006;Brook et al 2008;El-Khodery and Osman 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in diarrhoeic lambs in Kars province and potential risk factors

Sari

Arslan

Gicik

et al. 2008

Trop Anim Health Prod

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This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in diarrhoeic lambs and investigate some risk factors in Kars province (Northeastern region of Anatolia) in Turkey. Four hundred faecal samples were taken from the rectums of clinically diarrhoeic and aged to 1-month-old lambs from 34 sheep farms in 20 villages in March-April 2007 and examined by using the modified acid-fast staining technique. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species was found as 38.8% (155/400). Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 90.0% (18/20) of villages and in 76.5% (26/34) of the sheep farms. Infection rates were detected as: 44.4% (67/151) in 1-week-old lambs, 37.5% (39/104) in 2-week-old lambs, 40.0% (38/95) in 3-week-old lambs, and 22.0% (11/50) in 4-week-old lambs. Farms classified according to their zoohygienic conditions and fine, average and bad conditioned farms were contaminated with Cryptosporidium with the percentages of 14.7%, 20.6% and 41.2%, respectively. Clinical cryptosporidiosis was determined in 35.0% of the villages (7/20) and in 29.4% of the sheep farms (10/34), Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 81.3% of the lambs (91/112) in these farms. Cryptosporidiosis may be a major epidemiological significance in lambs in Kars province, and suggests that naturally infected lambs may be reservoirs of Cryptosporidiosis infections for calves even for humans too.

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“…Point prevalence studies, which examine pathogen prevalence in a given population at a particular point in time, are relatively common (12,13,26,29,35); fewer studies have quantified pathogen excretion rates (27,31). Although prevalence studies are useful for disease management, these types of studies are insufficient for risk assessment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Pathogens and Indicators in Animal Feces in the Sydney Watershed

Cox

Griffith

Angles

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

134

102

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A fecal analysis survey was undertaken to quantify animal inputs of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms in the temperate watersheds of Sydney, Australia. The feces from a range of domestic animals and wildlife were analyzed for the indicator bacteria fecal coliforms and Clostridium perfringens spores, the pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and the enteric viruses adenovirus, enterovirus, and reovirus. Pathogen and fecal indicator concentrations were generally higher in domestic animal feces than in wildlife feces. Future studies to quantify potential pathogen risks in drinking-water watersheds should thus focus on quantifying pathogen loads from domestic animals and livestock rather than wildlife.The current trend in minimizing pathogen health risks to water supplies is to use a risk management-based approach to ensure delivery of high-quality water. This approach utilizes multiple barriers within the water system, including effective control of contaminant inputs through watershed management. One potential source of these pathogens in drinkingwater watersheds is the feces of domestic and wildlife animal populations. Pathogens from animal feces may enter waterways by direct deposition or as a result of overland runoff containing fecal material deposited in the watershed. To construct a source material budget of pathogen inputs, it is necessary to estimate the potential impact of animal populations on surface water quality (15). Subsequent analysis can then be performed to estimate the proportion of the source material that will be inactivated through natural decay and environmental stressors, how much may be transported to the stream network, and the proportion that represents a risk of human infection.The initial requirement for the development of a source material budget is to estimate the concentration of potential pathogens in animal feces (shedding intensity). There is limited published information on the concentration and input load of potential waterborne pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria in wildlife (native and feral animal) populations (2,3,8,19). Yet it is these animals that often have the greatest access to the riparian zones and reservoir surrounds in watersheds, since, by definition, their movements are largely uncontrolled, making surface water protection difficult. By comparison, data for potential pathogen concentrations in the feces of domestic animals are more abundant, particularly for the enumeration and prevalence of the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. (4-7, 18, 24, 25).This study was undertaken to provide a cross-sectional estimate of the intensity of shedding of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms in animal feces present in a large, semiprotected drinking-water watershed. The study quantified potentially pathogenic protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia), enteric viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, and reovirus), and indicator organisms (fecal coliforms and Clostridium perfringens spores) in fecal samples from watershed animals. The latter are t...

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Role of adult sheep in transmission of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum to lambs: confirmation of periparturient rise

Cited by 40 publications

References 24 publications

Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits

Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits

The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in diarrhoeic lambs in Kars province and potential risk factors

Concentrations of Pathogens and Indicators in Animal Feces in the Sydney Watershed

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