Role of Antimicrobial Selective Pressure and Secondary Factors on Antimicrobial Resistance Prevalence inEscherichia colifrom Food-Producing Animals in Japan

Abstract

The use of antimicrobial agents in the veterinary field affects the emergence, prevalence, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food-producing animals. To control the emergence, prevalence, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, it is necessary to implement appropriate actions based on scientific evidence. In Japan, the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM) was established in 1999 to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of foodborne and commensal bacteria from food-producing animals. The JVARM showed that the emergence and prevalence of resistant Escherichia coli were likely linked to the therapeutic antimicrobial use in food-producing animals through not only direct selection of the corresponding resistance but also indirect selections via cross-resistance and coresistance. In addition, relevant factors such as host animals and bacterial properties might affect the occurrence and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli under the selective pressure from antimicrobial usage. This paper reviews the trends in antimicrobial resistance in E. coli and consumption of antimicrobials agents in Japan and introduces the relationship between antimicrobial usage and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, from food-producing animals under the JVARM program. In this paper, we will provide the underlying information about the significant factors that can help control antimicrobial resistance in bacteria in veterinary medicine.

Prevalence of Inhibitor Resistant Beta Lactamase Producing E. coli in Human and Poultry Origin of Bangladesh

“…Thus nonpathogenic fecal origin E. coli have potential to transfer the resistant genes to pathogenic strains of E. coli and other compatible bacteria within the environment. The chicken E. coli can also cross-contaminate the meat and can directly enter the human body through food chain as previously reported [6,7]. The E. coli from clinical specimens were pathogenic as they were collected from infected patients' urine.…”

“…Moreover, all the E. coli from chicken showed similar phenotype (inhibitor resistance) and genotype (bla TEM ). These non pathogenic but resistance gene containing E. coli can easily enter the environment and as many antibiotic resistance genes including bla TEM are plasmid mediated, they can be easily transferred between and within bacterial species [6]. Thus nonpathogenic fecal origin E. coli have potential to transfer the resistant genes to pathogenic strains of E. coli and other compatible bacteria within the environment.…”

“…If not controlled, transmission of multidrug resistance and beta lactamase genes from poultry environment to the human community can be a major public health challenge for Bangladesh as found in other countries [6,7]. Infection with drug resistant bacteria leads to higher mortality and treatment cost and has serious public health implications [18].…”

“…In developing countries like Bangladesh, the availability and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in clinical and nonclinical purposes increases the chance of antimicrobial exposure of the microorganisms and thus the inevitable increase in antibiotic resistance [5]. Among the various sectors in Bangladesh, poultry industry is one of the sectors where antibiotic misuse is common and thereby, have generated selection pressure towards antimicrobial resistance [6]. In fact, current data of Bangladesh have indicated presence of resistant and ESBL producing bacteria among poultry and household birds [7,8].…”

Inadequately Treated Wastewater as a Source of Human Enteric Viruses in the Environment

“…In most European countries since 2007, the resistance to aminopenicillins has exceeded 40 % among E. coli of clinical origin (in Poland between 54 and 65 %) (ECDC 2011). The current state of knowledge suggests that the spread of antibiotic resistance is mainly due to selective pressure (ECDC/EMEA 2009;Martinez 2008;Baquero et al 2009;Harada and Asai 2010;Andersson and Hughes 2012). Thus, these findings are not surprising-penicillins are the most often used antibacterial agents (ATC group J01) in the community (outside the hospital) in Europe (ECDC 2010).…”