Role of Baroclinic Instability in the Development of Monsoon Disturbances

Intensifying tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean during summer monsoon—Global warming

“…lower shear is favorable for the higher number of severe storms. It was suggested (Joseph and Simon, 2005;Mishra and Salvekar, 1980;Moorthi and Arakawa, 1985;Shukla, 1977;Shukla, 1978) that the mechanism for the generation of the monsoon depressions is baroclinic instability of tropical easterly jet such that the higher shear is favourable for higher growth rates and larger number of depressions. While in a land mark paper (Gray,1968), it was suggested that the tropical cyclones of hurricane intensity over several ocean basins including North Indian Ocean basin occur only when the vertical wind shear is small (around 10 m/s between 950-200 hPa).…”

Variations of Indian summer monsoon rainfall induce the weakening of easterly jet stream in the warming environment?

“…Several authors suggested that baroclinic instability is responsible for the generation of the monsoon depressions (Shukla, 1977(Shukla, , 1978Mishra and Salvekar, 1980;Moorti and Arakawa, 1985). They considered the baroclinic instability of the zonal wind with easterly shear associated with tropical easterly jet.…”

Falling monsoon depression frequency: A Gray-Sikka conditions perspective

“…However, the relative importance of barotropic vs. baroclinic instability for the monsoon depressions is not yet clear232425. Further, as far as the in situ conditions are concerned, as per Gray21, any decrease in vertical wind shear should rather favor the intensification of cyclonic systems in tropics due to a reduction in the ventilation effect.…”