“…However, the coordination of Me n+ with two O atoms of the carboxylate groups of PCs is also possible, e.g., in p -coumaric acid [ 207 ]; - Universal affinity of PCs in relation to different Me n+ in both cationic and anionic forms: During the systematizing of the experimental and literature data, we revealed that PC ligands from various subgroups form complexes with 69 Me n+ ions (63 chemical elements; Table 1 , Figure 1 ). Binding to PCs is a characteristic of/universal for the elements differing in their roles in plants:
- Essential macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K) and essential micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, B, Mo), which are necessary for the plant life cycle, cannot be substituted by other elements and are directly involved in plant metabolism [ 208 ];
- Beneficial elements (Al, Co, Na, Se) that promote the growth of various plant species, but are not essentially required for the completion of the plant life cycle [ 209 , 210 ];
- Non-essential metal(loid)s that are not involved in primary plant metabolism;
- Rare earth elements (REEs), which include the lanthanide group with 15 elements ( Figure 2 ).
The complexation of PC ligands with 11 elements essential for human life (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Se) has also been confirmed [ 211 ]. …”