Role of biokinetics in risk assessment of drugs and chemicals in children

Zwart, L.L. de; Haenen, H.E.M.G.; Versantvoort, Carolien H.M.; Wolterink, Gerrit; Engelen, J.G.M. van; Sips, A. J. A. M.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.02.006

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…Recently, a complete in vitro digestion model for toxicological studies has been proposed by some researchers to simulate various physiological processes occurring in the mouth, stomach and small intestine at a temperature of 37°C [101,102]. The emulsion-biological fluid mixtures also need to be carefully agitated depending on the shear and the motility in the mouth and the human stomach respectively.…”

Section: Sequential Processing Of Protein-based Emulsions In An Oral-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour of protein-stabilised emulsions under various physiological conditions

Singh

Sarkar

2011

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

238

134

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Section: Sequential Processing Of Protein-based Emulsions In An Oral-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour of protein-stabilised emulsions under various physiological conditions

Singh

Sarkar

2011

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

238

134

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“…Difficulties in determining the age at which it meets adult values stem from the different fasting and sampling conditions. From one of the trials, an interesting effect was seen with temazepam elixir Table 3 Age differences in gastrointestinal factors relative to adult values modified from Alcorn andMcNamara (2003) andde Zwart et al (2004 as a premedication (Meakin et al, 1987) The elixir was seen to significantly increase both gastric volume and pH which was not seen with temazepam capsules although the age of the capsule group was higher with a mean age of 9.1 years versus 6.6 years in the elixir group due to swallowing issues in younger children. This increase in gastric volume and pH are thought to be due to the composition of the elixir vehicle (ethanol 9%, sorbitol 45% and glycerol 50%).…”

Section: Gastric Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific aspects of gastro-intestinal transit in children for drug delivery design

Bowles

Keane²,

Ernest

et al. 2010

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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“…For example, the gastric emptying time increases and the intestinal motility decreases during pregnancy, which may result in longer retention of ingested xenobiotics in the upper intestinal tract, leading to the possibility for increased absorption of xenobiotics and increased exposure of the fetus (Klaassen, 1996). Cardiac output and peripheral blood flow al., de Zwart et al, 2004;Ginsberg et al, 2004c). Table 2 increase by approximately 30% during the first trimester of gestation.…”

Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…peak concentration). This can be useful for interspecies extrapolation, as well as for indicating the range of intraspecies variability (Gundert-Remy et al, 2002;De Zwart et al, 2004). From an exposure perspective, toxicokinetic information can help define similarities and differences among routes of exposure.…”

Section: Toxicokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Liu

Xia

Guo

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The urinary metabolites of phthalates are well-accepted exposure biomarkers for adults and children older than 6 years but are not commonly used for infants owing to non-convenient sampling. In the light of this situation, a novel sampling method based on monitoring the urine expressed from the gel diaper was developed. The urine was expressed from the gel absorbent after mixing the absorbent with CaCl2 and then collected by a laboratory-made device; the urinary phthalate metabolites were extracted and cleaned using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry / mass spectrometry. To evaluate the method's feasibility, the following factors were investigated: the proportion of CaCl2 to gel absorbent, the urination volume variation and the target compounds' deposition bias in the diaper, the matrix blank of the different diaper brands, the storage stabilities and the recoveries of creatinine and phthalate metabolites in the expressed urine. Mono-methyl phthalate, mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate were involved. 70-80% of the urine can be expressed from the diaper, and the expressed spiking recoveries and the limit of detection of mono-phthalates ranged from 88.5-115% and 0.21-0.50 ng/ml. The method was applied to measure phthalate metabolites in 65 gel diaper samples from 15 infants, and the pilot data suggests the infants are commonly exposed to phthalates. In summary, the method for monitoring of infant exposure to phthalates is sound and validated, and the potential health effects from the vulnerable infants' exposure to phthalates should be concerned.39th Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (SRF for ROCS); Hundred Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams [KZCX2-YW-T08

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Role of biokinetics in risk assessment of drugs and chemicals in children

Cited by 59 publications

References 131 publications

Behaviour of protein-stabilised emulsions under various physiological conditions

Behaviour of protein-stabilised emulsions under various physiological conditions

Specific aspects of gastro-intestinal transit in children for drug delivery design

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

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