Role of Biological Scaffolds, Hydro Gels and Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration Therapy

Abstract

Present review article emphasizes role of biological scaffolds, hydrogels and stem cells in tissue engineering mainly in regeneration or repairing of damaged tissues. Highly porous scaffold biomaterials are developed which act as templates for tissue regeneration and potentially guide the growth of new tissue. Present article also describes de-cellularization, cell printing, vascularization, integration of cross linking of methods for scaffolding of biomaterials to reproduce and recapitulate complexity in engineered tissues. It also explains different scaffold types, polymer hydrogels which are necessary for formation of microstructure, cell attachment, differentiation, tissue vascularization and integration. It also explains use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and engineered MSCs as new diagnostic and potential therapeutic tools to remove sustained damage and complications from organ failures. These engineered MSCs assist in making self-assembling supramolecular hydrogels, which have larger applications in cell therapy of intractable diseases and tissue regeneration. No doubt development of more advanced biomaterials, growth factors and stem cell derived products/factors and tissue transplantation methods based on cell regeneration programming will revolutionize the clinical therapeutics. This article suggests identification of new biomaterials/biomolecules such as growth factors, scaffolds, integration, adhesion and regulatory molecules and cell secreted factors which can induce major metabolic and signaling pathways during phase of tissue repairing and induction of regeneration. This innovative research area needs many conceptual improvements in organ therapies, methods and technological advancement to scale more services to the human society.

Aspects of In Vitro Biodegradation of Hybrid Fibrin–Collagen Scaffolds

“…A second factor helping to increase stability may be a change in the structure of the scaffold. It is known that stem cells can secrete various biologically active substances, for example, cytokines, growth factors, and various inhibitors [46,[65][66][67]. Our studies have demonstrated that ASCs cultivated in the scaffolds under analysis maintain their secretory activity [47,68].…”

Methods of Modification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Conditions of Their Culturing for Hyaline Cartilage Tissue Engineering

“…In parallel with the choice of cell culture, researchers focused on the conditions for its proliferation [25,[59][60][61]. It was noted that 3D cell culturing repeats the natural conditions of cell proliferation in the body and allows one to obtain a more functional regenerate; as a result, three-dimensional biomimetic structures-scaffolds-were created, which can be considered as one of the main tools for modifying cell culturing conditions.…”

“…The use of scaffolds in hyaline cartilage regeneration offers a number of advantages: the possibility of reliably fixing the cell-engineered construct (CEC) on the surface of the damaged joint area, protection from significant mechanical stress at the initial stage after implantation, and, most importantly, a natural 3D microenvironment. The 3D structure induces spontaneous cell proliferation in the chondrogenic direction to generate an extracellular matrix characteristic of the hyaline cartilage and drives the synthesis of key proteins, such as type II collagen and aggrecan, thereby preventing cell de-differentiation [40,53,58,61,62].…”

Advanced Biomaterials and Techniques for Oral Tissue Engineering and Regeneration—A Review

“…Cells communicate with their environment using different components to regenerate tissues by combining human cells with specific scaffold biomaterials. The biomaterial scaffolds provide templates for tissue regeneration and guide new tissues in their growth [ 4 , 5 ]. A successful approach in tissue engineering and regeneration implies that the combination of these three principles must be able to replace the damaged tissue and enable its function similarly to the original tissue or must be able to stimulate regeneration of the original tissue [ 6 , 7 ].…”