Role of Choline in the Oxidation of Fatty Acids by the Isolated Liver

Artom, Camillo

doi:10.1038/171347b0

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…He became an Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry in 1963 and continued to perform research until his death in 1970. Artom published more than 200 scientific papers, with many devoted to the lipotropic role of choline in the hepatic oxidation of fat and lipid metabolism (5)(6)(7)(8). He is remembered for his pioneering research with radioactive isotopes, which were published in 1937 within the prestigious journal Nature (3,4).…”

Section: Racial Hygiene and The Brain Drain In Physiologymentioning

confidence: 97%

A tribute to Italian physiologists of Jewish descent evicted during the persecution ordered by the Fascist Regime in 1938

Troiani

Manni

2007

Advances in Physiology Education

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The present report commemorates the persecution of five renowned Italian physiologists of Jewish descent that lost their chairs in medical schools because of the anti-semitic policies of the fascist regime. In 1938, Mussolini promulgated the Racial Laws, officially with the aim of safeguarding the purity of the Italian race in conquered African colonies. However, their true intent was to persecute the Italian Jewish community in agreement with the policy of Nazi Germany. In accordance with the Racial Laws, all non-Aryans were banished from professional activities and were evicted from public, social, and academic life. As a result, 98 full professors in Italian universities were removed from their academic positions. In medical schools, physiology, more than other discipline, lost the most prominent faculty members. Of the 17 full Professors of Human Physiology, five were of Jewish descent, and all were evicted: they were Camillo Artom from Palermo, Mario Camis from Bologna, Carlo Foà from Milan, Amedeo Herlitzka from Turin, and Ugo Lombroso from Genoa. All were talented and famous scientists who were forced to leave Italy and take refuge in foreign countries. At the end of World War II, Camis, Foà, Herlitzka, and Lombroso returned to Italy and resumed their previous academic positions, whereas Artom remained in the United States. Unfortunately, Camis died later that year. During the postwar period, some of the fascists responsible for the Jewish persecution were killed or committed suicide while the survivors were imprisoned and prosecuted. However, all were soon released and resumed their former positions.

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Section: Racial Hygiene and The Brain Drain In Physiologymentioning

confidence: 97%

A tribute to Italian physiologists of Jewish descent evicted during the persecution ordered by the Fascist Regime in 1938

Troiani

Manni

2007

Advances in Physiology Education

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“…Choline administration to the deficient animals promptly restores the ability of the isolated tissue to oxidize the added fatty acid. Since in vitro addition of choline was not effective, the active substance is probably not choline but some substance formed in vivo from choline [Artom (81,109)]. This substance was not identified ; but, as a mere speculation, a role of lecithin for the activity of enzymes involved in fatty aCid oxidation might be suggested.…”

Section: Phospholipid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 95%

Lipid Metabolism

Artom¹

1953

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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In view of recommendation by the Editors that a critical evaluation should be attempted rather than a complete synopsis of this year's work, only a few aspects of lipid metabolism have been covered, and even here, selection has been necessary. The following subjects were abstracted but later omitted: nutritional value of fat, essential fatty acids, synthesis and metabolism of choline, choline oxidase, lipoproteins in human disease, aceto acetate formation and ketosis, obesity, lipid composition in tissue, cholesterol esterification, analytical procedures, and, to a large extent, also action of hormones and vitamins. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDSThis topic has been given specific attention in Volume 21 of this series [Frazer (1)] and elsewhere [Desnuelle (2); Favarger (3)]. Frazer's views have been presented again (4) and applied to the interpretation of the absorption defect in sprue and other steatorrhoeas (5, 6) . .The original observations by Artom & Reale that mono-and diglycerides are formed in both the digestion (7) and the synthesis (8) of fats by pancrea tic lipase have been amply confirmed. A preferential splitting of the 1,3 ester linkages with formation of 2�monoglycerides occurs in the pancreatic digestion of triglycerides of higher fatty acids (9), in that of the triglycerides of lower fatty acids 2,3-diglycerides are chiefly formed [Sch¢nheyder & Volqvartz (10)]. After fatty meals, the lipids in the intestinal lumen con tained 37 per cent to 50 per cent of monoglycerides [humans: Kuhrt et al. (lOa)]. or 16 per cent of mono-and 36 per cent of diglycerides [rats: Mattson et al. (lOb)]. However, both in vitro and in vivo, the relative proportion of the various products formed in the digestion of triglycerides is mark edly affected by the presence of Ca++ and bile salts [Desnuelle & Constantin (l1)J. Experiments with C14-palmitate indicate that, simultaneously with the hydrolysis, a resynthesis of the free fatty acid with the mono-and di glycerides occurs [Borgstrom (12»).From the analysis of the chyle of rats receiving triglycerides doubly labeled in the glycerol and fatty acid moieties, Reiser et al. (13) calculated that half or more of the fatty acids were absorbed as monoglycerides. A large portion of the labeled glycerol was metabolized, indicating that complete hydrolysis of the triglycerides also took place. Both free fatty acids and 1 The main period covered by this review is December 1951 to November 1952. 2 The following abbreviations are used: ADP for adenosine diphosphate; ATP for adenosinetriphosphate; eoA for coenzyme A; DME for dimethylethanolamine; DPN for diphosphopyridine nucleotide. 211 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1953.22:211-232. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by McMaster University on 02/05/15. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS

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“…The latter comprise a group of compounds including choline, a constituent of phospholipid; the amino acid, methionine, which provides an exogenous source of labile methyl groups needed for the endogenous synthesis of choline; and folie acid and cyanocobalamin (vitamin Bi2), which, in some species at least, are essential for the de novo synthe-sis of methyl groups. A deficiency of these substances in the diet of animals leads to fatty infiltration of the liver, which in most species is followed ultimately by the development of cirrhosis.16 Recent evidence 17 indicates that the accumulation of fat under these circumstances may be related to a reduction in the rate of fatty acid oxidation.…”

Section: Dietary Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Alcohol on the Liver

Klatskin¹

1959

JAMA

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Role of Choline in the Oxidation of Fatty Acids by the Isolated Liver

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

A tribute to Italian physiologists of Jewish descent evicted during the persecution ordered by the Fascist Regime in 1938

A tribute to Italian physiologists of Jewish descent evicted during the persecution ordered by the Fascist Regime in 1938

Lipid Metabolism

Effect of Alcohol on the Liver

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