Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

The human gut is one of the most complex ecosystems, composed of 1013-1014 microorganisms which play an important role in human health. In addition, some food products contain live bacteria which transit through our gastrointestinal tract and could exert beneficial effects on our health (known as probiotic effect). Among the numerous proposed health benefits attributed to commensal and probiotic bacteria, their capacity to interact with the host immune system is now well demonstrated. Currently, the use of recombinant lactic acid bacteria to deliver compounds of health interest is gaining importance as an extension of the probiotic concept. This review summarizes some of the recent findings and perspectives in the study of the crosstalk of both commensal and probiotic bacteria with the human host as well as the latest studies in recombinant commensal and probiotic bacteria. Our aim is to highlight the potential roles of recombinant bacteria in this ecosystem.

Fermentation Patterns of Various Pectin Sources by Human Fecal Microbiota

“…According to Shen's study, Bacteroides numbers may correlate with the increase in propionate production [44]. The number of dominant fecal bacterium is changed by disease status or body weight [45] [46]. Schwiertz et al [47] reported Interestingly, specific bacteria were also detected from each subject.…”

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“…Some of the health beneficial effects by as reduction in diarrhea symptom, prevention and suppression of colon cancer [1] lowering of cholesterol [2] and immune system stimulation [3]. Bifidobacteria considered health-promoting bacteria and thus are used as food additives in the dairy industry [4].…”

Characterization of Two Component Systems of Lactobacillus casei BL23 and their involvement in stress response

“…Gut dysbiosis are produced when an imbalance in the intestinal bacteria exists that allows different subdominant opportunistic bacteria to overgrow leading to a situation of illness. Dysbiosis has been related with obesity and diabetes (Martin et al, 2013). Dysbiosis has also been related (between other factors: genetic components, immunological disorders, environmental factors, pathogens and microbiota) with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).…”

“…Furthermore, the order in which bacteria arrive to the GIT also affects community composition since microorganisms modify their environment consequently shaping the physicochemical properties of the habitat for other microorganisms . The GIT contains one of the most complex ecosystems studied to date, and the interest to know its composition and possible implications in health and illness as well as its contribution to anatomy and physiology of the host, has been steadily growing (Bourlioux et al, 2003;Sanders, 2003; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2006;Clarke et al, 2012;Martin et al, 2013;Robles Alonso and Guarner, 2013;Sanders et al, 2013).…”

“…Dysbiosis has also been related (between other factors: genetic components, immunological disorders, environmental factors, pathogens and microbiota) with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBDs are characterized by an abnormal activation of the immune system associated with the gut, resulting in a chronic inflammation of the digestive system (Martin et al, 2013).…”