Role of Cutinase in the Penetration of Apple Leaves by<i>Venturia inaequalis</i>

Köller, Wołfram; Parker, D. M.; Becker, C. M.

doi:10.1094/phyto-81-1375

Cited by 47 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…These data suggest that Cut2 is not markedly involved during in planta intracellular growth of M. grisea. This contrasts with the need for cutinases during subcuticular plant growth of V. inaequalis (Koller et al, 1991). However, a role for Cut2, or indeed for any one of the remaining 15 cutinases in planta, cannot be dismissed, as the transcription of CUT2 is elevated some 500-fold in M. grisea-infected plant tissues at 48 hpi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…To penetrate the cuticle, fungi produce cutinases, extracellular Ser esterases that hydrolyze cutin (Kolattukudy, 1985;Kolattukudy et al, 1995b). Several tangible lines of evidence support a crucial role for cutinase in plant penetration by certain fungi (Maiti and Kolattukudy, 1979;Koller et al, 1991Koller et al, , 1995Rogers et al, 1994;Kolattukudy et al, 1995aKolattukudy et al, , 1995b. Upon host contact, spores of Fusarium solani f. sp pisi release small amounts of constitutively expressed cutinase; the resulting plant-derived C 16 -C 18 cutin monomers act in conjunction with a soluble nuclear protein factor to activate the transcription at high levels of a cutinase gene assisting penetration (Woloshuk and Kolattukudy, 1986;Podila et al, 1988;Li et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cutinase was shown to be required for spore adhesion of the rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae (Deising et al, 1992) and proposed to be involved in adhesion in Colletotrichum graminicola (Pascholati et al, 1993) and Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei (Pascholati et al, 1992). Cutinase has also been postulated to play a role in carbon acquisition during subcuticular growth of Venturia inaequalis (Koller et al, 1991). In addition, cutin monomers are known to promote germ tube and appressorium differentiation on chemically inert surfaces in both B. graminis f. sp hordei (Francis et al, 1996;Zhang et al, 2005) and Magnaporthe grisea (Gilbert et al, 1996;DeZwaan et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnaporthe grisea Cutinase2 Mediates Appressorium Differentiation and Host Penetration and Is Required for Full Virulence

2007

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The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea infects its host by forming a specialized infection structure, the appressorium, on the plant leaf. The enormous turgor pressure generated within the appressorium drives the emerging penetration peg forcefully through the plant cuticle. Hitherto, the involvement of cutinase(s) in this process has remained unproven. We identified a specific M. grisea cutinase, CUT2, whose expression is dramatically upregulated during appressorium maturation and penetration. The cut2 mutant has reduced extracellular cutin-degrading and Ser esterase activity, when grown on cutin as the sole carbon source, compared with the wild-type strain. The cut2 mutant strain is severely less pathogenic than the wild type or complemented cut2/CUT2 strain on rice (Oryza sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). It displays reduced conidiation and anomalous germling morphology, forming multiple elongated germ tubes and aberrant appressoria on inductive surfaces. We show that Cut2 mediates the formation of the penetration peg but does not play a role in spore or appressorium adhesion, or in appressorial turgor generation. Morphological and pathogenicity defects in the cut2 mutant are fully restored with exogenous application of synthetic cutin monomers, cAMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and diacylglycerol (DAG). We propose that Cut2 is an upstream activator of cAMP/protein kinase A and DAG/protein kinase C signaling pathways that direct appressorium formation and infectious growth in M. grisea. Cut2 is therefore required for surface sensing leading to correct germling differentiation, penetration, and full virulence in this model fungus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnaporthe grisea Cutinase2 Mediates Appressorium Differentiation and Host Penetration and Is Required for Full Virulence

2007

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“…They are serine esterases that belong to the a/b-hydrolase fold superfamily and which hydrolyze cutin, which is an insoluble lipid polymer found in the plant cuticle (Kolattukudy 1985). Most studies have focused on fungal cutinases, some of which have been shown to be involved in spore attachment to the plant host (Deising et al 1992), in saprophytic carbon acquisition (Koller et al 1991), and in plant surface signaling (Gilbert et al 1996;Hedge and Kolattukudy 1997). In addition, several reports support a critical role for cutinases in the direct penetration of unwounded plant tissue by some fungi (Dickman and Patil 1986;Dickman et al 1989;Maiti and Kolattukudy 1979;Shaykh et al 1977).…”

Section: Cutinasementioning

confidence: 99%

What does it take to be a plant pathogen: genomic insights from Streptomyces species

Bignell

Huguet‐Tapia

Joshi

et al. 2010

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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Plant pathogenicity is rare in the genus Streptomyces, with only a dozen or so species possessing this trait out of the more than 900 species described. Nevertheless, such species have had a significant impact on agricultural economies throughout the world due to their ability to cause important crop diseases such as potato common scab, which is characterized by lesions that form on the potato tuber surface. All pathogenic species that cause common scab produce a family of phytotoxins called the thaxtomins, which function as cellulose synthesis inhibitors. In addition, the nec1 and tomA genes are conserved in several pathogenic streptomycetes, the former of which is predicted to function in the suppression of plant defense responses. Streptomyces scabies is the oldest plant pathogen described and has a world-wide distribution, whereas species such as S. turgidiscabies and S. acidiscabies are believed to be newly emergent pathogens found in more limited geographical locations. The genome sequence of S. scabies 87-22 was recently completed, and comparative genomic analyses with other sequenced microbial pathogens have revealed the presence of additional genes that may play a role in plant pathogenicity, an idea that is supported by functional analysis of one such putative virulence locus. In addition, the availability of multiple genome sequences for both pathogenic and nonpathogenic streptomycetes has provided an opportunity for comparative genomic analyses to identify the Streptomyces pathogenome. Such genomic analyses will contribute to the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms and evolution of plant pathogenicity and plant-microbe biology within this genus.

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“…Cutinases facilitate spore adhesion in Colletotrichum graminicola (Pascholati et al 1993), Uromyces viciae-fabae (Deising et al 1992) and Blumeria graminis (Pascholati et al 1992), carbon acquisition in Venturia inequalis (Köller et al 1991) and also promote the virulence of M. oryzae (Skamnioti and Gurr 2007). Cutinase-mediated degradation of plant cuticle into cutin monomers elicits the cAMP/PKA and DAG/PKC signalling cascades and triggers appressorium formation in M. oryzae (Skamnioti and Gurr 2007; Liu et al 2011).…”

Section: The Role Of Cutin and Cuticular Wax In Appressorium Morphogementioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory network of genes associated with stimuli sensing, signal transduction and physiological transformation of appressorium inMagnaporthe oryzae

et al. 2018

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Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most destructive disease affecting the rice production (Oryza sativa), with an average global loss of 10–30% per annum. Recent reports have indicated that the fungus also inflicts blast disease on wheat (Triticum aestivum) posing a serious threat to the wheat production. Due to its easily detected infectious process and manoeuvrable genetic manipulation, M. oryzae is considered a model organism for exploring the molecular mechanism underlying fungal pathogenicity during the pathogen–host interaction. M. oryzae utilises an infectious structure called appressorium to breach the host surface by generating high turgor pressure. The appressorium development is induced by physical and chemical cues which are coordinated by the highly conserved cAMP/PKA, MAPK and calcium signalling cascades. Genes involved in the appressorium development have been identified and well studied in M. oryzae, a summary of the working gene network linking stimuli sensing and physiological transformation of appressorium is needed. This review provides a comprehensive discussion regarding the regulatory networks underlying appressorium development with particular emphasis on sensing of appressorium inducing stimuli, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and the corresponding developmental and physiological responses. We also discussed the crosstalk and interaction of various pathways during the appressorium development.

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Role of Cutinase in the Penetration of Apple Leaves byVenturia inaequalis

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Magnaporthe grisea Cutinase2 Mediates Appressorium Differentiation and Host Penetration and Is Required for Full Virulence

Magnaporthe grisea Cutinase2 Mediates Appressorium Differentiation and Host Penetration and Is Required for Full Virulence

What does it take to be a plant pathogen: genomic insights from Streptomyces species

Regulatory network of genes associated with stimuli sensing, signal transduction and physiological transformation of appressorium inMagnaporthe oryzae

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