Role of cytokines in oral malignancies

Unus, Shabnam; Ramabadran, Sarangarajan; Lakshmi, P. N.; Narasimham,; Gunasekaran, Nandhini; Rajkumar, K

doi:10.4103/0976-433x.145159

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Typically, the cytokine group would induce tissue repair and healing. However, in cancerous cells, they induced DNA damage, inhibition of DNA repair, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes functionality, vascular permeability, extravasation of fibrin, tissue remodeling, tumor cell migration, leukocyte infiltration, alteration of cell to cell adhesion molecules, decreased the immune response, and angiogenesis [ 20 ].…”

Section: Salivary Il-8 Il-6 and Tnf-αmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, cytokines have always been regarded as superior amongst the wide range of biomarkers tested. Cytokines are a small group of secreted proteins which are labelled as non-structural proteins involved not only in inflammation, where they induce the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of normal cells, but also in tumorigenesis [ 20 ]. Amongst these, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α have been investigated in various conditions repeatedly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salivary IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Oral Cancer

et al. 2017

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Saliva has been useful as a liquid biopsy for the diagnosis of various oral or systemic diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is no exception. While its early detection and prevention is important, salivary cytokines expression, specifically of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), does contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and these cytokines serve as potential biomarkers. Their excessive production plays a role in cancer progression and establishment of angiogenesis. However, other inflammatory or immunological conditions may affect the levels of cytokines in saliva. This article reviews the expression of levels of specific cytokines i.e., IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α, their signaling pathways in the development of oral cancer, and how they are essential for the diagnosis of OSCC and updates related to it. Apart from serum, the saliva-based test can be a cost-effective tool in the follow-up and diagnosis of OSCC. Moreover, large-scale investigations are still needed for the validation of salivary cytokines.

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Section: Salivary Il-8 Il-6 and Tnf-αmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Oral Cancer

et al. 2017

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“…This represents a significant gap in the literature, as evidence suggests that both bacteria can synergistically impact host cells in periodontitis and oral cancer models [25][26][27]. Therefore, we developed a co-culture model of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum to evaluate whether the activation of the TLR4 pathway is enhanced, thus augmenting the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell migration, both processes that are directly related to the progression of periodontitis [16,26,28,30,31] and are linked to the onset of oral cancer [27,29,[62][63][64][65]. Because F. nucleatum proliferates faster than P. gingivalis, we designed the experimental co-culture to achieve similar ratios of both bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of chronic inflammation in periodontitis has been associated with malignant processes as it is estimated that over 25% of human cancers are caused by chronic inflammation resulting from bacterial or viral infections [65]. Cytokines play a crucial role in regulating diverse cellular processes, like cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion, via specific receptors [29,31,64].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study focused on measuring the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, pivotal not only in periodontitis but also in cancer-associated chronic inflammation [27,29,31,[62][63][64]. These cytokines are strongly linked to periodontal tissue destruction and immune cell recruitment [30,31,65,69]. Moreover, they can promote cancer development through mechanisms such as DNA damage, the regulation of cancer cell migration, and the control of inflammatory responses [65].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-Culture of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum Synergistically Elevates IL-6 Expression via TLR4 Signaling in Oral Keratinocytes

Yáñez,

Soto,

Tapia

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Periodontitis, characterized by persistent inflammation in the periodontium, is intricately connected to systemic diseases, including oral cancer. Bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, play a pivotal role in periodontitis development because they contribute to dysbiosis and tissue destruction. Thus, comprehending the interplay between these bacteria and their impacts on inflammation holds significant relevance in clinical understanding and treatment advancement. In the present work, we explored, for the first time, their impacts on the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators after infecting oral keratinocytes (OKs) with a co-culture of pre-incubated P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Our results show that the co-culture increases IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α expressions, synergistically augments IL-6, and translocates NF-kB to the cell nucleus. These changes in pro-inflammatory mediators—associated with chronic inflammation and cancer—correlate with an increase in cell migration following infection with the co-cultured bacteria or P. gingivalis alone. This effect depends on TLR4 because TLR4 knockdown notably impacts IL-6 expression and cell migration. Our study unveils, for the first time, crucial insights into the outcomes of their co-culture on virulence, unraveling the role of bacterial interactions in polymicrobial diseases and potential links to oral cancer.

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Dysbiosis of salivary microbiome and cytokines influence oral squamous cell carcinoma through inflammation

et al. 2020

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Role of cytokines in oral malignancies

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Salivary IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Oral Cancer

Salivary IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Oral Cancer

Co-Culture of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum Synergistically Elevates IL-6 Expression via TLR4 Signaling in Oral Keratinocytes

Dysbiosis of salivary microbiome and cytokines influence oral squamous cell carcinoma through inflammation

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