Role of Dietary Micronutrients on Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Modulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

In patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), dietary micronutrient intake is low and deficiencies are common. Besides the host, also the gut microbiota require micronutrients and low levels may disturb its functioning. Multi‐omics studies indeed detected shifts in micronutrient‐dependent microbial pathways in IBD. It is however not clear whether micronutrients may alleviate inflammation directly, by modulating the immune system, or also indirectly, by modulating the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The latter seems of particular interest, since the gut microbiota is one of the future therapeutic targets in IBD. A review of the most recent available literature on relevant micronutrients in context of IBD and gut microbiota was conducted. An overview per relevant micronutrient on its role on gut bacterial growth, metabolism and host–microbe interactions during gut inflammation is provided. Dietary micronutrients have potential to be part of future personalized microbiome‐targeted therapies in IBD, considering both the micronutrient status of the host and the gut microbiota. However, cohort studies together with integrated multi‐scale studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of micronutrient–microbiome–host interactions in IBD and to evaluate efficacy and safety of dietary micronutrient treatment strategies.

Riboflavin Bioenriched Soymilk Alleviates Oxidative Stress Mediated Liver Injury, Intestinal Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota Modification in B2 Depletion–Repletion Mice

“…In one recent study, B 2 supplementation decreased the serum levels of cytokines (IL-2) and inflammatory parameters in patients with Crohn’s disease . Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of B 2 and B 2 -producing bacteria have been reported in a rodent model for acute colitis in patients with Crohn’s disease …”

“…6 Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of B 2 and B 2 -producing bacteria have been reported in a rodent model for acute colitis in patients with Crohn's disease. 39 B 2 Bioenriched Soymilk Improved Hepatic Function in Mice. It was confirmed that liver inflammation was induced during the depletion period in the BD group.…”

Healthy adult gut microbiota sustains its own vitamin B12 requirement in an in vitro batch fermentation model

“…B12 is involved in vital cellular processes such as the synthesis of DNA, tRNA, glutamate and methionine ( 5 ). Furthermore, in microbes, B12 is involved in pathways leading to SCFA production, as a cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase to produce propionate, and in one carbon metabolism (Wood–Ljungdahl route) leading to the production of acetate ( 5 , 7 , 8 ).…”

Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Beyond macronutrients, the essential role of micronutrients [ 121 ] and other dietary compounds as fatty acids [ 122 ] and phytochemicals [ 123 ] at regulating mucosal inflammation and microbiome in IBD has been recently reviewed. On the other hand, some food additives as emulsifiers, maltodextrins and carrageenan may induce increased intestinal permeability, mucus thinness and alterations in the gut microbiota associated with gut barrier dysfunction and negative effects on IBD [ 39 , 124 ].…”