Role of endogenous polyamines in the alternate bearing phenomenon in pistachio

Abstract

All pistachio cultivars used in production and in germplasm resources have the tendency of alternate bearing. In Turkey, Uzun, Kırmızı, and Siirt are the main cultivars used in pistachio production. Some of the cultivars have a strong tendency of alternate bearing, such as Uzun and Kırmızı, whereas some of them, such as Siirt, have a low yield after an 'On-year' season. Thus, alternate

Endogenous gibberellins and abscisic acid-metabolites: their role for during flower bud abscission and embryo development in pistachio

“…At the beginning, this problem was trying to be solved using several cultural applications, such as irrigation, pruning, and fertigation. Some researchers suggested that the competition between flower buds and food for fruit and assimilates is responsible for this phenomenon (Cetinkaya, 2004;Ulger et al, 2004;Baninasab et al, 2006;Mirsoleimani et al, 2014) while others stated that unbalanced nutrition was not the main cause of the inhibition of flower bud formation, and more attention should be paid to the hypothesis of PGRs (Baktır et al, 2004;Gomez-Jimenez et al, 2010;Vemmos, 2010;Gundesli et al, 2019). In higher plants, ABA and GA antagonistically regulate various physiological growth periods, including seed dormancy, seed germination, root growth, shoot elongation, leaf development, flowering, flower bud formation, abscission, and fruit development, as well as biotic and abiotic stresses (Vanstraelen and Benková, 2012;Liu and Hou, 2018).…”

“…We detected four dominant GAs in the different organs of pistachios, namely GA 8 , GA 19 , GA 29 and GA 44 (Tables 4 and 5). The literature contains studies that analyzed the hormone amounts of the fruit, leaves and flower buds of pistachio (Cetinkaya, 2004;Vemmos, 2010;Okay et al, 2011;Gundesli et al, 2019). Furthermore, Khalifah et al (1965) and Goldschmidt (1976) reported that citrus samples contained three GA-like substances, two of which were tentatively identified as GA 1 and GA 9 .…”

“…There are also wild pistachio species distributed throughout Turkey (Ak and Acar, 2001;Kafkas, 2006). In particular, the Southeastern Anatolia Region is well suited for pistachio cultivation due to its suitable ecological conditions, covering 95% of the total pistachio growing area and accounting for 91.5% of pistachio production in Turkey (Yavuz, 2011;Gundesli et al, 2018Gundesli et al, , 2019. Alternate bearing is the tendency of a fruit tree to produce a heavy crop in one year ("on" year), followed by a light crop or no crop in the next year ("off " year).…”

“…In previous studies, alternate bearing has been associated with genetic factors (Esmaeilpour and Khezri, 2006;Shalom et al, 2012), environmental and physiological factors, cultural management, (Mirsoleimaniet al, 2014), carbohydrates (Baninasab and Rahemi, 2006;Span et al, 2008), plant nutrients (Rosecrane et al, 1998;Vemmos, 2010), and plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Al-Shdiefat and Qrunfleh, 2008;Mirsoleimani and Shahsava 2018;Gundesli et al, 2019). The effects of PGRs (including auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene) on different physiological stages in plants, such as shoot elongation, flower formation, flower bud abscission, embryo development, growth, and fruitinghave also been shown (Okuda, 2000;Mirsoleimani et al, 2014;Gundesli et al, 2019). Among PGRs, gibberellic acid (GAs) are plant hormones necessary for many developmental processes in plants, including seed germination, root elongation, leaf expansion, pollen ripening, and flowering induction (blooming).…”

Determination of Sugar, Total Phenol contents-and Antioxidant Activity of various parts ‘Uzun’ pistachio cultivar (Pistacia vera L.)

“…Especially, the Southeastern Anatolia region having both suitable geographical site and various climatic and soil conditions and pistachios are can be grown economically. In the production of pistachio, Southeast Anatolia Region covers 95% of the country's produc-tion area and 91.5% of the total production (Arpaci and Atli., 1996;Gundesli et al, 2018Gundesli et al, , 2019a. 'Uzun' pistachio is the most important and widely grown cultivar Gaziantep province of Southeastern Anatolia region (Ak and Fidan, 2013).…”