Role of ENO1 and its targeted therapy in tumors

Abstract

three highly conserved isoforms of enolase in mammals are α-enolase (ENO1), β-enolase (ENO3), and γ-enolase (ENO2). Among them, ENO1 accounts for 90% of the glycolytic pathway's cytosolic enolase activity [3]. Furthermore, ENO1 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in many types of cancer [4]. ENO2, predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuroendocrine cells, has been identified as a serum marker for tumors of neuronal lineage, such as glioblastoma (GBM) and medulloblastoma [5,6]. Recent studies, however, have revealed that ENO2 is not only highly expressed in neurological tumors but also plays a critical role in the progression of other malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and breast cancer. A multiomic analysis demonstrated that 3D tumor spheroid growth implies the overexpression of ENO2 and another glycolytic enzyme, ALDOC, concomitant with the enhanced consumption of glucose and fructose and the enhanced production of lactate, in lung and breast cancer cell lines in different nutrient environmental conditions [7]. ENO3 is predominantly expressed in muscle tissue, with studies indicating that 86% of rhabdomyosarcomas test positive