Role of epigenetics in OSCC: an understanding above genetics

Review of Disease-Specific microRNAs by Strategically Bridging Genetics and Epigenetics in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

“…While the genetic landscape of OSCC is well-established, in recent years, the focus has turned to epigenetic elements that may be implicated in its pathogenesis and progression, such as miRNAs, which are crucial regulators of gene expression and have the potential to be used as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, since they can be readily detected in body fluids, paving the way for the development of sensitive and specific tests for OSCC [ 12 , 23 , 102 ]. Increased research concerning the expression patterns of miRNAs in OSCC during the past few years has generated a vast number of observations, posing challenges in terms of their interpretation.…”

“…Numerous studies have revealed multiple miRNAs that are involved in essential biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis [ 17 ]. Although genetic and epigenetic mechanisms were initially thought to be discrete, it is now known that they present a strong interdependent relationship, which, if decoded, could fill the gaps and assist in mapping the overall molecular signatures of OSCC, resulting in a better understanding of its etiology, decidedly reliable biomarkers or even targeted epigenetic therapeutics [ 12 ].…”

“…Consequently, despite advances in therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical excision, OSCC mortality rates have remained exceptionally high for a minimum of two decades [8]. Recurrence rates of OSCC are also high, with up to 45% of patients relapsing and facing survival odds of less than 10% [9,10], highlighting the need for further understanding of OSCC as a complex Genes 2023, 14, 1578 2 of 32 and heterogeneous disease involving the well-established dysregulation of multiple genes and several, currently explored, epigenetic signatures [11,12]. In accordance with other malignancies, OSCC is characterized by the pathological dysregulation of the cell cycle [13].…”