Role of expectancy timing and outcome consistency in expectancy-guided retrieval.

The effects of justice motivation on memory for self- and other-relevant events

“…1 That is, the discrepancy between the value of Roger's outcome (good) and the value of his person (bad) produced reconstructions of the lottery more consistent with what a bad person deserves (less of a positive outcome). These results are also consistent with Hirt, Erickson, and McDonald's (1993) research showing that accurate recall tends to occur when a particular outcome matches one's expectancy for the outcome. In the current study, knowledge that a ''good" person received a good outcome is congruent with the BJW, and thus did not result in biased recall relative to the ''bad" winner condition.…”

How temporal distance from past selves influences self‐perception

“…Thus, reconstructive memory is more likely to be coloured by general beliefs or expectations (stereotypical knowledge) the more time has passed since then (e.g. Hirt, Erickson, & McDonald, 1993;Madey & Gilovich, 1993;Ross & Conway, 1986). Models of autobiographical memory further posit that episodic events are more abstractly organized in memory with increasing distance (Barclay, 1996;Posner & Keele, 1968;Semin & Smith, 1999;Trope & Liberman, 2003).…”

On the Encoding of Stereotype-Relevant Information Under Cognitive Load

“…Such cues are particularly effective to the extent that the stereotype is used to interpret consistent information during encoding (which is presumed most likely to occur when capacity is low). Second, recall of consistent information may be enhanced by expectancy-driven search strategies (e.g., Graesser, 1981;Hirt, 1990;Hirt, Erickson, & McDonald, 1993;. Finally, recall of consistent information may be inflated by response biases that lower the criteria for reporting expected information (e.g., Graesser, 1981;Stangor & McMillan, 1992).…”

“…Because inconsistent behaviors become associated to many other behaviors, they have a distinct retrieval advantage over consistent behaviors, which do not receive the same kind of attributional encoding (for a review, see Srull & Wyer, 1989). The retrieval advantage afforded by these associative processes may often obscure the retrieval advantage that would otherwise be enjoyed by consistent information due to retrieval cues (e.g., Graesser, 1981;Rothbart et al, 1996;Tulving & Pearlstone, 1966;, expectancydriven search strategies (e.g., Graesser, 1981;Hirt, 1990;Hirt et al, 1993;, and response biases (e.g., Graesser, 1981;Stangor & McMillan, 1992). However, when processing capacity is limited, attributional processing of inconsistent information may no longer take place.…”