Role of fecal calprotectin as a hypoxic intestinal damage biomarker in COVID-19 patients

Adriana, Deasy Natalia; Sugihartono, Titong; Nusi, Iswan Abbas; Setiawan, Poernomo Boedi; Purbayu, Herry; Maimunah, Ummi; Kholili, Ulfa; Widodo, Budi; Thamrin, Husin; Vidyani, Amie; Maulahela, Hasan; Yamaoka, Yoshio; Miftahussurur, Muhammad

doi:10.1186/s13099-022-00507-y

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Although there is no correlation between gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal calprotectin, an increase in this parameter has a better predictive value for progression of severe disease compared with C-reactive protein ( 30 ). This finding possibly suggests that the increase in fecal calprotectin associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is due in part to chemotaxis of immune cells into to the gastrointestinal tract and hypoxic intestinal damage rather than intestinal inflammation and destruction of enterocytes ( 29 , 30 ). In addition, the role of serum calprotectin was also investigated and was found to be an effective marker for predicting the future status of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals ( 31 ).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2-mediated Changes In the Intestinal Immunological ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ojetti et al. ( 26 ) showed that high fecal calprotectin levels in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals are an independent risk factor for the development of COVID-19 pneumonia, while data from other studies indicate that fecal calprotectin levels are positively correlated with serum IL-6, degree of hypoxemia, and days of hospitalization ( 27 – 29 ). Although there is no correlation between gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal calprotectin, an increase in this parameter has a better predictive value for progression of severe disease compared with C-reactive protein ( 30 ).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2-mediated Changes In the Intestinal Immunological ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alterations in gut immunological barrier in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential

et al. 2023

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Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily associated with mild respiratory symptoms, a subset of patients may develop more complicated disease with systemic complications and multiple organ injury. The gastrointestinal tract may be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 or secondarily affected by viremia and the release of inflammatory mediators that cause viral entry from the respiratory epithelium. Impaired intestinal barrier function in SARS-CoV-2 infection is a key factor leading to excessive microbial and endotoxin translocation, which triggers a strong systemic immune response and leads to the development of viral sepsis syndrome with severe sequelae. Multiple components of the gut immune system are affected, resulting in a diminished or dysfunctional gut immunological barrier. Antiviral peptides, inflammatory mediators, immune cell chemotaxis, and secretory immunoglobulins are important parameters that are negatively affected in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mucosal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Th17 cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages are activated, and the number of regulatory T cells decreases, promoting an overactivated immune response with increased expression of type I and III interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines. The changes in the immunologic barrier could be promoted in part by a dysbiotic gut microbiota, through commensal-derived signals and metabolites. On the other hand, the proinflammatory intestinal environment could further compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelium by promoting enterocyte apoptosis and disruption of tight junctions. This review summarizes the changes in the gut immunological barrier during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential.

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Section: Sars-cov-2-mediated Changes In the Intestinal Immunological ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sars-cov-2-mediated Changes In the Intestinal Immunological ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in gut immunological barrier in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential

et al. 2023

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“…Indeed, hypoxia correlates strongly with COVID-19 mortality, and a subset of patients with hypoxia remain asymptomatic for COVID-19 [ 91 ]. A recent study demonstrates that elevated fecal calprotectin (increased gut permeability) is significantly associated with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and separately with hypoxemia [ 92 ]. Although there is no direct evidence of gut hypoxia in relation to COVID-19, intermittent hypoxia affects the gut and hepatic environment in type II diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea, which also potentiates inflammation and gut epithelial damage [ 93 , 94 ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Covid-19 Induced Gi Tract Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and Gut Injury

et al. 2022

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COVID-19 induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a pandemic and it has led to more than 620 million patients with 6.56 million deaths globally. Males are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and associated with a higher chance to develop severe COVID-19 than females. Aged people are at a high risk of COVID-19 infection, while young children have also increased cases. COVID-19 patients typically develop respiratory system pathologies, however symptoms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are also very common. Inflammatory cell recruitments and their secreted cytokines are found in the GI tract in COVID-19 patients. Microbiota changes are the key feature in COVID-19 patients with gut injury. Here, we review all current known mechanisms of COVID-19-induced gut injury, and the most acceptable one is that SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on host cells in the GI tract. Interestingly, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder, but the patients with IBD do not have the increased risk to develop COVID-19. There is currently no cure for COVID-19, but anti-viruses and monoclonal antibodies reduce viral load and shorten the recovery time of the disease. We summarize current therapeutics that target symptoms in the GI tract, including probiotics, ACE2 inhibitors and nutrients. These are promising therapeutic options for COVID-19-induced gut injury.

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“…In addition, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, there were obstacles in checking potable water so that in the past 2 years the majority of them were not carried out bacteriological examination of potable water in laboratory. Necessarily during the Covid-19 pandemic, hygiene sanitation and body immunity should be improved because the manifestations of Covid-19 can be intestinal inflammation, vomiting, or decrease of appetite [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Escherichia coli and Total Coliform in Refill Drinking Water at Jepara Regency

Rofiqi¹,

Purwanta²,

Djuari³

2022

IJRP

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Introduction:Water are important for human life. The Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia stipulates the Minister of Health Number 492 of 2010 about drinking water quality requirements to ensure drinking water are safe for consumption. One of the requirements are free from Escherichia coli or total Coliform. When these bacteria are found in drinking water, it can cause diarrhea. In Province of Central Java, diarrhea is the biggest cause of death for children under five. Therefore, one of the locations in Province of Central Java was chosen, namely Jepara Regency, more precisely, Jepara District.Methods: This study used descriptive with a cross-sectional design. Data collection using total sampling technique and obtained 28 samples. Then the examination was carried out at the Regional Health Laboratory of Jepara Regency using the filter membrane method and Chromocult Coliform Agar Plate.Results: From 28 samples, 11 samples (39.3%) were contaminated by Coliform with 8 samples (72.72%) contaminated by Escherichia coli. Conclusion:Following up the finding of the study, it is hoped that further researchers will carry out researches on the hygiene sanitation of drinking water depot, so the cause of contaminations in drinking water refill are known.

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Role of fecal calprotectin as a hypoxic intestinal damage biomarker in COVID-19 patients

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

Alterations in gut immunological barrier in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential

Alterations in gut immunological barrier in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential

COVID-19 and Gut Injury

Detection of Escherichia coli and Total Coliform in Refill Drinking Water at Jepara Regency

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