Role of Glucocorticoids and Stress in Pathogeny of Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders

Abstract

Presented work aimed at preparing literature review that could describe the contribution of Glucocorticoids (GC) and stress to pathogeny of diabetes mellitus and related disorders: Metabolic syndrome and obesity. This review includes the following topics: Effects of GC and stress on glucose metabolism, the role of GC and stress in pathogenetic mechanisms of clinical and experimental diabetes, the importance of catecholamines and other stress hormones in mechanisms of hypo and hyperglycemia, interactions of GC with high-fat diet, contribution of GC to comorbidity of metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders, metabolic consequences of prolonged GC treatment, the role of GC in programming/imprinting phenomena, the importance of stress proteins in pathogeny of metabolic disorders and modes of counteracting stress and GC in diabetes and related diseases. The conclusion is made about the necessity of more detailed evaluation of the effects of hormones having antistress properties, as applied to metabolic disorders.

The Role of Stress and Glucocorticoids in Pathogeny of Age-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders

“…One of these topics is the interaction of diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders with neuropsychiatric diseases, especially depressive illness and Alzheimer's disease [38,55]. Indeed, our recent review article has already described the role of stress and GC in the pathogeny of metabolic disturbances [3], however there may be a triple interaction of stress-related mental disorders, diabetes mellitus of type 2 and senescence. It means that ontopathogenic model offered by us earlier [56] has many perspectives for further elaboration already in near future.…”

“…There are also some data on the role of stress in pathogeny of other diseases of this group, but their proportion in the whole discussion is much lower, as compared to depression and dementia. On our opinion, both earlier review article [3] and the present one add important dimensions to the role of stress and GC in aging and age-related pharmacotherapy [59].…”

“…Nevertheless, many aspects should be clarified further in this interesting theme, especially as referred to the possibility of subclinical infections resulting in the augment of C-reactive protein (CRP) and positive components of acute phase reaction [56]. Unfortunately, the contribution of exosomal release of heat shock proteins (HSP) to pathogeny of neuropsychiatric disorders still has not attracted due attention, as compared to metabolic diseases [3].…”

“…as well as in pathogeny of diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders [3]. Here this work was continued for neuropsychiatric diseases, focusing on those disorders that occur in certain age categories, i.e.…”

Use of corticosteroids for the treatment of respiratory and other disorders: Estimating benefit to risk relationship

“…Secondly, the chronic use of even moderate doses of inhaled corticosteroids may provoke systemic catabolic consequences, primarily the decrease of bone mineral density leading to osteoporosis and finally, to higher risk of bone (especially, vertebrate) fractures, as well as skin thinning and decrease in muscle strength, including that of inspiratory muscles [2,3,15]. In addition, inhaled corticosteroids are not completely devoid of some potentially dangerous properties of systemic preparations in enhancing the risk of serious infections including pneumonia and tuberculosis, or in provoking hypertension and insulin resistance, cataract and glaucoma, depressive and psychotic symptoms [2,3,15,19,20].…”