Role of growth factors and cytokines in diabetic foot ulcer healing: A detailed review

Zubair, Mohammad; Ahmad, Jamal

doi:10.1007/s11154-019-09492-1

Cited by 225 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…According to current guidelines, the clinical examination of the foot should be performed at the time of diagnosis in type 2 diabetes and 5 years after diagnosis in type 1 diabetes. Subsequently, the examination should be performed annually for both types of diabetes or more frequently for patients with risk factors (1,10).…”

Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anamnesis that should focus on the patient's personal history, the presence of neuropathy symptoms, peripheral ischemia and the detection of other diabetic complications such as kidney disease or diabetic retinopathy (1,2).…”

Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treatment consists of an interdisciplinary collaboration involving both diabetes physicians and family doctors, surgeons, neurologists, orthopedists, psychologists and strategies for the prevention of ulcers and their treatment. Ulcer prevention can be achieved by optimizing glycemic control, treating dyslipidemia and high blood pressure, education on foot care and other methods (1).…”

Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ulcer treatment is based on its complexity, the presence or absence of ischemia, the presence or absence of infection and its severity. Thus, the methods may range from surgical or chemical debridement, pressure relief, treatment of infections to tissue repair stimulation (1,15,16).…”

Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diabetic foot lesions are responsible for most hospitalizations in patients with diabetes (1). In the US, diabetes is the main cause of non-traumatic amputations in the lower limbs, with a 5% incidence of ulcers each year, out of which 1% require amputation (2,3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Modern management of diabetic foot complications

Bălălău¹,

Pharmacy²,

Bacalbaşa³

et al. 2019

J Clin Invest Surg.

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Diabetes mellitus comprises a heterogeneous group of metabolic abnormalities, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from a deficiency in insulin secretion, a deficiency in action, or from both situations. In its evolution, diabetes can lead to acute or chronic complications, which can be avoided or whose progression can be slowed by optimal glycemic control, provided by the effective treatment, diet, physical activity and glycemic monitoring. One of the most common complications of diabetes is diabetic neuropathy which, in combination or not with peripheral arterial disease, may result in leg changes (ulcers, gangrene, amputations), changes that are known under the heading of diabetic foot. The risk of developing leg ulcer is 25% in the life of a patient with type 1 or 2 diabetes, and amputations of varying degrees may sometimes be necessary. These can, however, be prevented by active screening characterized by the neurological examination for neuropathic signs, and the vascular examination to highlight the presence of peripheral arterial disease. Therefore, in order to prevent the appearance of leg ulcers and to reduce the morbidity associated with it, it is important to diagnose and manage risk factors.

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Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diabetic Foot Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Modern management of diabetic foot complications

Bălălău¹,

Pharmacy²,

Bacalbaşa³

et al. 2019

J Clin Invest Surg.

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Nanozyme‐Incorporated Microneedles for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds

Hu,

Shan,

Cui

et al. 2024

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Acute wounds are converted to chronic wounds due to advanced age and diabetic complications. Nanoenzymes catalyze ROS production to kill bacteria without causing drug resistance, while microneedles (MNs) can break through the skin barrier to deliver drugs effectively. The integration of nanoenzymes into an MNs delivery system can simultaneously improve painless drug delivery and reduce adverse effects. It can also reduce the effective dose of drug sterilization while increasing delivery efficiency and effectively killing wounded bacteria while preventing drug resistance. This paper describes in detail the reasons why nanoenzymes combined with MNs are particularly suitable for the treatment of long‐term inflammation and persistent infections in chronic wounds. The antimicrobial properties of different types of metallic nanoenzymes from previous studies were also analyzed, and the mutual reinforcement of MNs made of different materials combined with nanoenzymes was compared. The pooled results showed that the MNs, through material innovation, were able to both penetrate the scab and deliver nanoenzymes and exert additional anti‐inflammatory and bactericidal effects. The catalytic effect of some of the nanoenzymes can also accelerate the lysis of the MNs or create a cascade reaction against inflammation and infection. However, the issue of increased toxicity associated with skin penetration and clinical translation remains a challenge. This article reviews the latest published results and corresponding challenges associated with the use of MNs combined with nanoenzymes for the treatment of wounds, providing further information for future research.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Materials and Cytokines in the Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Kim

Mahajan

Patel

et al. 2021

Advanced Therapeutics

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Diabetes affects an increasing number of patients, and is associated with sustained and chronic inflammation. Complications arising from diabetes, including hypoxia, neuropathy, hyperglycemia, and ischemia that contribute to a delayed and reduced healing response result in chronic slow healing wounds. Here, key differences in native versus diabetic wound healing during each phase of healing are discussed, and the roles of cells and their secreted cytokines which regulate this process are outlined. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is a pro‐inflammatory mediator which plays a key role in modulating angiogenesis. Its importance in diabetic wound healing as well as recent work using MCP‐1 and similar chemokines to reduce inflammation and improve healing are reviewed. The delayed healing response observed in diabetic patients often results in the formation of slow healing wounds, commonly presenting in the lower extremities as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs); classification systems and current treatment options for DFUs, including debridement, off‐loading, and amputation are outlined. Common dressing strategies are highlighted, and recent work developing biocompatible and bioactive hydrogels to address and hasten chronic wound healing is focused on.

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Role of growth factors and cytokines in diabetic foot ulcer healing: A detailed review

Cited by 225 publications

References 57 publications

Modern management of diabetic foot complications

Modern management of diabetic foot complications

Nanozyme‐Incorporated Microneedles for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds

Materials and Cytokines in the Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

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