Role of Gut Microbiome in COVID-19: An Insight Into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential

Hussain, Ikram; Cher, Gabriel; Abid, Muhammad Abbas; Abid, Muhammad Bilal

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.765965

Cited by 65 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The gut microbiota alteration in COVID-19 patients should be considered as a dynamic process (d 'Ettorre et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021;Hussain et al, 2021;Zuo et al, 2020a). To the date of revising this manuscript (January 2022), several registered clinical trials are in progress and the results are not provided yet; however, growing evidence supports the effectiveness of microbiota modulatory actions on fastening the recovery of patients with COVID-19 (Chen and Vitetta, 2021;Hussain et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Farsi

Tahvildari

Arbabi

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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IntroductionThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late December 2019. Considering the important role of gut microbiota in maturation, regulation, and induction of the immune system and subsequent inflammatory processes, it seems that evaluating the composition of gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy individuals may have potential value as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker for the disease. Also, therapeutic interventions affecting gut microbial flora may open new horizons in the treatment of COVID-19 patients and accelerating their recovery.MethodsA systematic search was conducted for relevant studies published from December 2019 to December 2021 using Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Articles containing the following keywords in titles or abstracts were selected: “SARS-CoV-2” or “COVID-19” or “Coronavirus Disease 19” and “gastrointestinal microbes” or “dysbiosis” or “gut microbiota” or “gut bacteria” or “gut microbes” or “gastrointestinal microbiota”.ResultsOut of 1,668 studies, 22 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and a total of 1,255 confirmed COVID-19 patients were examined. All included studies showed a significant association between COVID-19 and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The most alteration in bacterial composition of COVID-19 patients was depletion in genera Ruminococcus, Alistipes, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Fusicathenibacter, and Blautia and enrichment of Eggerthella, Bacteroides, Actinomyces, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Rothia, and Collinsella. Also, some gut microbiome alterations were associated with COVID-19 severity and poor prognosis including the increment of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Campylobacter, Rothia, Corynebacterium, Megasphaera, Enterococcus, and Aspergillus spp. and the decrement of Roseburia, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.ConclusionOur study showed a significant change of gut microbiome composition in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy individuals. This great extent of impact has proposed the gut microbiota as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. There is much evidence about this issue, and it is expected to be increased in near future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Farsi

Tahvildari

Arbabi

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Importantly, the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the gut microbiome composition has been reported by multiple groups ( 64 , 65 , 102 ). Moreover, associations of the microbiome composition with COVID-19 severity and inflammatory markers have been identified ( 64 , 102 ), highlighting the importance of gut dysbiosis in the regulation of the immune response to respiratory viral infections thorough the lung-gut axis ( 103 , 104 ). In our study, we found lower levels of IL-17C in participants with GI symptoms than in those with other symptoms, supporting an association between the decreased levels of IL-17C and GI involvement, possibly as a result of microbiota changes in the gut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated With Higher Levels of Serum IL-17C, Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 and Fibroblast Growth Factors Than Mild Symptomatic COVID-19

et al. 2022

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Young adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 are frequently asymptomatic or develop only mild disease. Because capturing representative mild and asymptomatic cases require active surveillance, they are less characterized than moderate or severe cases of COVID-19. However, a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infections might shed light into the immune mechanisms associated with the control of symptoms and protection. To this aim, we have determined the temporal dynamics of the humoral immune response, as well as the serum inflammatory profile, of mild and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in a cohort of 172 initially seronegative prospectively studied United States Marine recruits, 149 of whom were subsequently found to be SARS-CoV-2 infected. The participants had blood samples taken, symptoms surveyed and PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 performed periodically for up to 105 days. We found similar dynamics in the profiles of viral load and in the generation of specific antibody responses in asymptomatic and mild symptomatic participants. A proteomic analysis using an inflammatory panel including 92 analytes revealed a pattern of three temporal waves of inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators, and a return to baseline for most of the inflammatory markers by 35 days post-infection. We found that 23 analytes were significantly higher in those participants that reported symptoms at the time of the first positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR compared with asymptomatic participants, including mostly chemokines and cytokines associated with inflammatory response or immune activation (i.e., TNF-α, TNF-β, CXCL10, IL-8). Notably, we detected 7 analytes (IL-17C, MMP-10, FGF-19, FGF-21, FGF-23, CXCL5 and CCL23) that were higher in asymptomatic participants than in participants with symptoms; these are known to be involved in tissue repair and may be related to the control of symptoms. Overall, we found a serum proteomic signature that differentiates asymptomatic and mild symptomatic infections in young adults, including potential targets for developing new therapies and prognostic tests.

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“…In particular, a balanced gut microbial ecosystem enhances the pulmonary defense against viral infections, for example, by stimulating the lung’s synthesis of type I interferons ( Cyprian et al, 2021 ). Conversely, gut dysbiosis negatively influences the progression of the viral infection, COVID-19 development, and patient outcome ( Hussain et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota In Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and COVID-19: How Microbiomics and Metabolomics Depict Two Sides of the Same Coin

et al. 2022

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The integrity of the gastrointestinal tract structure and function is seriously compromised by two pathological conditions sharing, at least in part, several pathogenetic mechanisms: inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. IBD and COVID-19 are marked by gut inflammation, intestinal barrier breakdown, resulting in mucosal hyperpermeability, gut bacterial overgrowth, and dysbiosis together with perturbations in microbial and human metabolic pathways originating changes in the blood and fecal metabolome. This review compared the most relevant metabolic and microbial alterations reported from the literature in patients with IBD with those in patients with COVID-19. In both diseases, gut dysbiosis is marked by the prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacterial species and the shortfall of anti-inflammatory species; most studies reported the decrease in Firmicutes, with a specific decrease in obligately anaerobic producers short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. In addition, Escherichia coli overgrowth has been observed in IBD and COVID-19, while Akkermansia muciniphila is depleted in IBD and overexpressed in COVID-19. In patients with COVID-19, gut dysbiosis continues after the clearance of the viral RNA from the upper respiratory tract and the resolution of clinical symptoms. Finally, we presented and discussed the impact of gut dysbiosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased energy demand on metabolic pathways involving key metabolites, such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine, succinate, citrate, and lipids.

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Role of Gut Microbiome in COVID-19: An Insight Into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential

Cited by 65 publications

References 85 publications

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated With Higher Levels of Serum IL-17C, Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 and Fibroblast Growth Factors Than Mild Symptomatic COVID-19

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and COVID-19: How Microbiomics and Metabolomics Depict Two Sides of the Same Coin

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