Type I interferon (IFN) enhances the transcription of the tumor suppressor gene p53. To elucidate the molecular mechanism mediating IFN-induced apoptosis, we analysed programmed cell death in response to type I (IFNa) or type II (IFNc) treatment in relation to p53 status. In two cell lines (MCF-7, SKNSH), IFNa, but not IFNc, enhanced apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, only IFNa upregulated p53 as well as p53 target genes (Noxa, Mdm2 and CD95). The apoptotic response to IFNa decreased in the presence of ZB4, an anti-CD95 antibody, suggesting that CD95 is involved in this process. When p53 was inactivated by the E6 viral protein or the expression of a p53 mutant, IFNa-induced apoptosis and p53 target genes upregulation were abrogated. Altogether these results demonstrate that p53 plays a pivotal role in the IFNa-induced apoptotic response. IFNa-induced PML was unable to recruit p53 into nuclear bodies and its downregulation by siRNA did not alter CD95 expression. In contrast, IFNc-induced apoptosis is p53-independent. CD95 and IFN-regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) are directly upregulated by this cytokine. Apoptotic response to IFNc is decreased in the presence of ZB4 and strongly diminished by IRF1 siRNA, implicating both CD95 and IRF1 in IFNc-induced apoptotic response. Taken together, these results show that in two different cell lines, IFNa and IFNc, induce p53-dependent -independent apoptosis, respectively. Oncogene (2005) 24, 605-615.