Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function

Uwitonze, Anne Marie; Razzaque, Mohammed S.

doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.037

Cited by 282 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Magnesium helps activate vitamin D, which in turn helps regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis to influence the growth and maintenance of bones. All the enzymes that metabolize vitamin D seem to require magnesium, which acts as a cofactor in the enzymatic reactions in the liver and kidneys [157]. The dose of magnesium should be in the range of 250-500 mg/d, along with twice that dose of calcium.…”

Section: Proposed Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

et al. 2020

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The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D 3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

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Section: Proposed Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

et al. 2020

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“…As a result, activated vitamin D can increase intestinal absorption of magnesium. Moreover, there are evidences that magnesium supplementation can increase the effectiveness of vitamin D activity [17,18].…”

Section: Metabolism and Functions Of Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strong evidence exists regarding the close connection between magnesium and migraine, but also there are data suggesting a beneficial effect of magnesium for chronic pain conditions [44]. Intestinal absorption of magnesium depends on vitamin D, so diminished magnesium absorption due to vitamin D deficit may lead to TTH and migraine [17,18]. There is evidence that magnesium supplementation can be protective for migraine patients [8][9][10].…”

Section: The Link Between Vitamin D and Headachementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Vitamin D in Primary Headache–from Potential Mechanism to Treatment

et al. 2020

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Some studies have suggested a link between vitamin D and headache; however, the underlying physiological mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to summarize the available evidence on the relationship between vitamin D and the various subtypes of primary headaches, including migraines and tension-type headaches. All articles concerning the association between primary headache and vitamin D published up to October 2019 were retrieved by searching clinical databases, including: EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Google scholar, and the Cochrane library. All types of studies (i.e., observational, cross-sectional, case-control, and clinical trials) were included. We identified 22 studies investigating serum vitamin D levels in association with headaches. Eight studies also evaluated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the various headache parameters. Among them, 18 studies showed a link between serum vitamin D levels and headaches, with the strongest connection reported between serum vitamin D levels and migraine. Overall, there is not enough evidence to recommend vitamin D supplementation to all headache patients, but the current literature indicates that it may be beneficial in some patients suffering headaches, mainly migraineurs, to reduce the frequency of headaches, especially in those with vitamin D deficiency.

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“…Indeed, it is estimated that 20%‐30% of the global population are zinc deficient, but for some subregions the estimates are >70%. Similarly, up to 75% are magnesium deficient . These deficiencies resulting from malnutrition are rampant not only in developing countries, but also surprisingly common in developed countries; an estimated 50% of the US population do not meet the recommended daily allowance of magnesium .…”

Section: Ion Channels In Health and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the CRAC: Diversification of ion signaling in B cells

Mahtani

Treanor

2019

Immunological Reviews

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Ion channels act as critical gatekeepers, regulating the entry of ions such as sodium, calcium potassium, and magnesium into cells. While many are familiar with ion channels involved in the transport of calcium, and the important role of calcium as a second messenger in immune cell signaling, there are a multitude of ion channels, and together, they play a vital role in numerous metabolic and cellular processes. The importance of which is evidenced by the myriad of human disease pathologies associated with either ion deficiencies, or mutations in ion channel proteins, collectively referred to as channelopathies, and include both immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases. While the role of several ions and the interrogation of ion channels has been most extensively studied in the nervous system, we have also learned much about ion signaling and identified critical ion channels in T-cell biology; however, much less is known about ion signaling in B cells. Thus, this review is focused on the key role ions and ion channels and transporters play Abstract Although calcium signaling and the important role of calcium release-activated calcium channels is well recognized in the context of immune cell signaling, there is a vast diversity of ion channels and transporters that regulate the entry of ions beyond calcium, including magnesium, zinc, potassium, sodium, and chloride. These ions play a critical role in numerous metabolic and cellular processes. The importance of ions in human health and disease is illustrated by the identification of primary immunodeficiencies in patients with mutations in genes encoding ion channels and transporters, as well as the immunological defects observed in individuals with nutritional ion deficiencies. Despite progress in identifying the important role of ions in immune cell development and activation, we are still in the early stages of exploring the diversity of ion channels and transporters and mechanistically understanding the role of these ions in immune cell biology. Here, we review the biology of ion signaling in B cells and the identification of critical ion channels and transporters in B-cell development, activation, and differentiation into effector cells. Elucidating the role of ion channels and transporters in immune cell signaling is critical for expanding the repertoire of potential therapeutics for the treatment of immune disorders. Moreover, increased understanding of the role of ions in immune cell function will enhance our understanding of the potentially serious consequences of ion deficiencies in human health and disease. K E Y W O R D S calcium, CRAC, ion channels, magnesium, TRP, zincThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function

Cited by 282 publications

References 83 publications

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

The Role of Vitamin D in Primary Headache–from Potential Mechanism to Treatment

Beyond the CRAC: Diversification of ion signaling in B cells

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