Role of mechanical and thermal damage in pericapsular inflammatory response to injectable silicone in a rabbit model

Abstract

Silicone is used widely for tissue augmentation in humans. However, late complications, such as delayed inflammation and capsular contracture, remain uncharacterized, despite their importance. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether mechanical and thermal damage induce capsular inflammation around a foreign body, and elucidate the biological mechanism underlying this phenomenon. We injected silicone into the subcutaneous layer of the skin of New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were divided into two groups: the control group received no treatment; in the experimental group, external force was applied near the injection silicone using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Tissues near the injected silicone were harvested from both groups on Days 4, 7, and 30 after HIFU treatment for comparative analysis. Visual and histological examinations showed clearly increased inflammation in the experimental group compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, capsular tissue from the experimental group displayed markedly increased collagen production. Immunofluorescence revealed marked activation of macrophages in the early stages of inflammation (Days 4 and 7 after HIFU treatment), which decreased on Day 30. Assessment of cytokine activation showed significantly increased expression of heat shock protein (HSP)27, HSP60, HSP70, toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and interleukin-8 in the experimental group. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 did not increase significantly in the experimental group. In conclusion, damage to tissues around the injected silicone induced capsular inflammation. Macrophages and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules were involved in the early stages of inflammation. HSP release activated TLRs, which subsequently activated innate immunity and induced the inflammatory response.

<p>Experimental Study of Tumor Therapy Mediated by Multimodal Imaging Based on a Biological Targeting Synergistic Agent</p>

“…8 Briefly, the HIFU technique utilizes high-energy focusing devices, which focus multiple low-energy ultrasound beams on the target tumor in a certain way to induce thermal, cavitation and mechanical effects, which can cause irreversible coagulative necrosis, finally achieving therapeutic effects. [9][10][11][12] However, as the depth of treatment increases, the ultrasonic energy attenuates, and increasing the therapeutic power can lead to serious side effects, such as skin burns, nerve damage and transient pain. [13][14][15] Various synergistic agents, such as lipiodol, hydroxyapatite, ultrasound microbubbles, liquid fluorocarbon nanoparticles, and mesoporous silica and sonosensitizers, have been used to try to increase the efficiency of HIFU ablation and minimize damage to normal tissue.…”