Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and development,
especially
in physiological and biochemical processes such as component of different
proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and plant growth regulators. Six
categories, such as transporters, nitrate absorption, signal molecules,
amino acid biosynthesis, transcription factors, and miscellaneous
genes, broadly encompass the genes regulating NUE in various cereal
crops. Herein, we outline detailed research on bioengineering modifications
of N metabolism to improve the different crop yields and biomass.
We emphasize effective and precise molecular approaches and technologies,
including N transporters, transgenics, omics, etc., which are opening
up fascinating opportunities for a complete analysis of the molecular
elements that contribute to NUE. Moreover, the detection of various
types of N compounds and associated signaling pathways within plant
organs have been discussed. Finally, we highlight the broader impacts
of increasing NUE in crops, crucial for better agricultural yield
and in the greater context of global climate change.