Role of Melatonin in Ovarian Function

Abstract

Melatonin is a hormone mainly produced by the pineal gland in the absence of light stimuli. The light, in fact, hits the retina, which sends a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which inhibits the synthesis of the hormone by the epiphysis. Mostly by interacting with MT1/MT2 membrane receptors, melatonin performs various physiological actions, among which are its regulation of the sleep–wake cycle and its control of the immune system. One of its best known functions is its non-enzymatic antioxidant action, which is independent from binding with receptors and occurs by electron donation. The hormone is also an indicator of the photoperiod in seasonally reproducing mammals, which are divided into long-day and short-day breeders according to the time of year in which they are sexually active and fertile. It is known that melatonin acts at the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis level in many species. In particular, it inhibits the hypothalamic release of GnRH, with a consequent alteration of FSH and LH levels. The present paper mainly aims to review the ovarian effect of melatonin.

Targeting mitochondria for ovarian aging: new insights into mechanisms and therapeutic potential

“…Its purported effects involve the activation of pathways such as Nrf2-ARE, thereby enhancing antioxidant defense and reducing oxidative damage ( 70 ). Similarly, melatonin has emerged as a pivotal player in addressing ovarian aging ( 92 ). Studies indicate its potential in ameliorating age-related ovarian decline by enhancing antioxidant defense, protecting oocytes from damage caused by oxidative stress, and preserving mitochondrial function, ultimately impacting ovarian tissue health, follicular development, and oocyte quality ( 71 ).…”