Role of microbial and phytoplanktonic communities in the control of seawater viscosity off East Antarctica (30-80° E)

Seuront, Laurent; Leterme, Sophie C.; Seymour, Justin R.; Mitchell, James G.; Ashcroft, Daniel; Noble, Warwick; Thomson, Paul; Davidson, Andrew T.; Enden, Rick van den; Scott, Fiona J.; Wright, Simon W.; Schapira, Mathilde; Chapperon, Coraline; Cribb, Nardi

doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.09.018

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Therefore, we suggest to use the OSSA-SSSF to obtain the total sea spray aerosol fluxes and to derive the organic fraction by using the parameterization developed by Rinaldi et al (2013) in a way it was used before in several other studies Vignati et al, 2010;Gantt et al, 2011). There is also evidence that micro-organisms affect the viscosity of sea water (Seuront et al, 2010) so that biological activity may be taken into account via the viscosity, like the effect of temperature and salinity; however, further studies and parameterizations are required on this topic in order to separate the different effects and relate the viscosity to observables like chlorophyll-a concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sea spray aerosol flux parameterization encapsulating wave state

et al. 2014

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Abstract.A new sea spray source function (SSSF), termed Oceanflux Sea Spray Aerosol or OSSA, was derived based on in-situ sea spray aerosol measurements along with meteorological/physical parameters. Submicron sea spray aerosol fluxes derived from particle number concentration measurements at the Mace Head coastal station, on the west coast of Ireland, were used together with open-ocean eddy correlation flux measurements from the Eastern Atlantic Sea Spray, Gas Flux, and Whitecap (SEASAW) project cruise. In the overlapping size range, the data for Mace Head and SEASAW were found to be in a good agreement, which allowed deriving the new SSSF from the combined dataset spanning the dry diameter range from 15 nm to 6 µm. The OSSA source function has been parameterized in terms of five lognormal modes and the Reynolds number instead of the more commonly used wind speed, thereby encapsulating important influences of wave height, wind history, friction velocity, and viscosity. This formulation accounts for the different flux relationships associated with rising and waning wind speeds since these are included in the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the Reynolds number incorporates the kinematic viscosity of water, thus the SSSF inherently includes dependences on sea surface temperature and salinity. The temperature dependence of the resulting SSSF is similar to that of other in-situ derived source functions and results in lower production fluxes for cold waters and enhanced fluxes from warm waters as compared with SSSF formulations that do not include temperature effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sea spray aerosol flux parameterization encapsulating wave state

et al. 2014

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“…Foam only occurred during the decline phase. Seuront et al (2010), again using a piston-in-cylinder viscometer at sea, found total viscosity η in the Southern Ocean to be increased biologically by up to 85% in subsurface waters, where the increase was associated with bacterial abundance, and up to 78% in the deep chlorophyll maximum, where it was associated with specific phytoplankton taxa.…”

Section: D Shear Rheology From Underlying Ocean Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Engel et al (2017a) found that blooming of Phaeocystis pouchetii in Arctic waters east of Greenland are also strongly associated with massive production of TEP (up to several hundreds of µg Xeq L -1 ). Phaeocystis antarctica also blooms over huge swathes of the Southern Ocean (Smith et al, 2003;Seuront et al, 2010), and floating macroalgae, including Enteromorpha prolifera (Zhou et al, 2015) and Sargassum spp. (Smetacek and Zingone, 2013) are increasing around the world.…”

Section: Living Pommentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological modification of mechanical properties of the sea surface microlayer, influencing waves, ripples, foam and air-sea fluxes

Jenkinson

Laurent

Ding

et al. 2018

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Jenkinson, IR, et al. 2018 Biological modification of mechanical properties of the sea surface microlayer, influencing waves, ripples, foam and air-sea fluxes. Elem Sci Anth, 6: 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.283 IntroductionFor over a century, CO 2 levels in the atmosphere have been increasing at an accelerating rate. This increase is fuelled by anthropogenic CO 2 release, currently at over 9 billion tonnes annually (Le Quéré, 2015). As a greenhouse gas, CO 2 is leading to higher mean temperature on Earth (Friedlingstein et al., 2014) and in the world ocean, as well as increasing sea levels by thermal expansion and melting of ice caps (IPCC, 2014).The Ocean absorbs about 25% of the anthropically produced excess CO 2 (Le Quéré et al., 2015). As a result, the average surface ocean pH has decreased 0.1 units since the Industrial Revolution, i.e., a 30% increase in acidity (IPCC, 2014), and is predicted to fall another 0.3 to 0.4 units by 2100 if CO 2 emissions continue in a business-asusual scenario (Orr et al., 2005).In order to predict, manage and adapt to future changes in CO 2 dynamics, models of air-sea flux of CO 2 are being refined. This flux of CO 2 passes through the barrier of the sea surface microlayer (SML), here considered to be the top 50(±10) µm (Zhang et al., 1998). As the SML itself varies strongly in time and space in complex, nonlinear ways, modelling the effects of the SML on CO 2 flux as a function of pertinent future scenarios is also important.The importance of the SML in biologically modulating fluxes, particularly of CO 2 , is increasingly appreciated, and has recently been reviewed by Wurl et al. (2016Wurl et al. ( , 2017 and by Engel et al. (2017b). Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review known and suspected mechanical aspects of how biologically produced organic matter (OM) modulates air-sea fluxes of CO 2 . We particularly address thalassorheological observations of biologically increased 3D viscosity and elasticity, 2D compression-dilation rheology, 2D shear rheology and foam dynamics. Gas exchange reduction (GER) at the air-sea interface is positively related to the concentration of organic matter (OM) in the top centimetre of the ocean, as well as to phytoplankton abundance and primary production. The mechanisms relating OM to GER remain unclear, but may involve mechanical (rheological) damping of turbulence in the water immediately below the surface microlayer, damping of ripples and blocking of molecular diffusion by layers of OM, as well as electrical effects. To help guide future research in GER, particularly of CO 2 , we review published rheological properties of ocean water and cultures of phytoplankton and bacteria in both 3D and 2D deformation geometries, in water from both the surface layer and underlying water. Production of foam modulates air-sea exchange of many properties and substances, perhaps including climate-changing gases such as CO 2 . We thus also review biological modulation of production and decay of whitecaps and other sea foam. In the ocea...

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“…This elevated viscosity arises from mucus exopolymers that are secreted from both phytoplankton and bacteria (Decho 1990). A positive correlation between elevated seawater viscosity and chlorophyll a concentration or phytoplankton abundance has been observed in the field (Jenkinson 1993; Jenkinson and Biddanda 1995), and in some cases heterotrophic bacteria may play an important role (Seuront et al 2010). Biologically enhanced viscosity depends on the temporal dynamics of phytoplankton blooms, with the strongest effects occurring during bloom formation and maintenance (Seuront et al 2006, 2007).…”

Section: Microscalementioning

confidence: 99%

Biophysical interactions in the plankton: A cross‐scale review

Prairie

Sutherland

Nickols

et al. 2012

Limn Fluids and Environments

147

105

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In plankton ecology, biological and physical dynamics are coupled, structuring how plankton interact with their environment and other organisms. This interdisciplinary field has progressed considerably over the recent past, due in large part to advances in technology that have improved our ability to observe plankton and their fluid environment simultaneously across multiple scales. Recent research has demonstrated that fluid flow interacting with plankton behavior can drive many planktonic processes and spatial patterns. Moreover, evidence now suggests that plankton behavior can significantly affect ocean physics. Biophysical processes relevant to plankton ecology span a range of scales; for example, microscale turbulence influences planktonic growth and grazing at millimeter scales, whereas features such as fronts and eddies can shape larger-scale plankton distributions. Most research in this field focuses on specific processes and thus is limited to a narrow range of spatial scales. However, biophysical interactions are intimately connected across scales, since processes at a given scale can have implications at much larger and smaller scales; thus, a cross-scale perspective on how biological and physical dynamics interact is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the field. Here, we present a review of biophysical interactions in the plankton across multiple scales, emphasizing new findings over recent decades and highlighting opportunities for cross-scale comparisons. By investigating feedbacks and interactions between processes at different scales, we aim to build cross-scale intuition about biophysical planktonic processes and provide insights for future directions in the field.

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Role of microbial and phytoplanktonic communities in the control of seawater viscosity off East Antarctica (30-80° E)

Cited by 30 publications

References 48 publications

A sea spray aerosol flux parameterization encapsulating wave state

A sea spray aerosol flux parameterization encapsulating wave state

Biological modification of mechanical properties of the sea surface microlayer, influencing waves, ripples, foam and air-sea fluxes

Biophysical interactions in the plankton: A cross‐scale review

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