The continuous aerobic cometabolic
treatment of a mixture of chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons and 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D) was studied in laboratory
columns packed with hydrogel beads containing bacteria and slow-release
substrates. Three columns were packed with gellan-gum hydrogel beads
that coencapsulate the bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous 21198 (ATCC strain 21198) and 8% (w/w) tetrabutyl-orthosilicate
(TBOS) in columns 1 and 2 and tetrabutyl-s-orthosilicate
(T2BOS) in column 3. TBOS and T2BOS slowly hydrolyze as slow-release
compounds to produce 1-butanol and 2-butanol, respectively, as growth-supporting
substrates for ATCC strain 21198. A mixture of 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(1,1,1-TCA), cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and 1,4-D was continuously fed into the columns. The addition
of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 50–100
ppm as an additional source of dissolved oxygen (DO) was required
for the effective utilization of 1-butanol and biostimulation of ATCC
strain 21198 within the beads throughout columns 1 and 2. H2O2 addition was never required in column 3, which was
packed with beads containing T2BOS. Over 99% removal of all three
contaminants was achieved with a hydraulic residence time of 12 h.
The cometabolic transformation was confirmed by stopping H2O2 and DO addition, which resulted in an increase in the
effluent contaminant concentrations to the influent levels. Transformation
resumed when DO addition was restarted. Replacing cis-DCE addition with 1,1-DCE addition (100–250 μg/L),
while continuing to add 1,1,1-TCA and 1,4-D, resulted in the cessation
in the cometabolic activity in the columns. At the end of the column
studies, the beads were sampled and assayed for the amount of TBOS
and T2BOS remaining. Approximately 56% of TBOS and 97.5% of T2BOS
originally encapsulated in the beads were still present. Therefore,
TBOS and T2BOS limitations were not responsible for the cessation
in transformation activity in the columns. The estimated rate of hydrolysis
of T2BOS was a factor of 15 lower than that of TBOS, which was consistent
with the batch incubations of the hydrogel beads. The results from
the column tests indicate that a passive cometabolic permeable treatment
barrier might be created using the coencapsulated technology that
was developed.