Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ARS, Alizarin red staining; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; BTE, bone tissue engineering.; BV/TV, trabecular bone volume per total volume; COL1A1, collagen type I a 1 chain; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; MFG-E8, milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8; OCN, osteocalcin; (active βcatenin, non-phosphorylated (active) βcatenin; t-βcatenin, total βcatenin; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; siRNA, small interfering RNA.