Role of Morphology in the Diagnosis of Acute Leukemias: Systematic Review

Abstract

The role of hematopathologists in the diagnosis of acute leukemia (AL) starts with the morphological examination of either peripheral blood smear or bone marrow. The morphological hallmark for the myeloblast includes “Auer rods” and “Phi bodies.” The addition of cytochemical stains such as myeloperoxidase, Sudan Black B, periodic acid-Schiff stain, nonspecific esterase, and Perls' stain acts as an important adjunct to the morphological classification in the resource-constrained settings. The recent World Health Organization classification still endorses the utility of morphology which requires the presence of either ≥ 20% lymphoblasts or myeloblasts/or its equivalents (monoblasts, promonocytes, or megakaryoblasts) and integrates it with the clinical features, immunophenotyping (IP), and molecular genetics for making the diagnosis of AL. Morphology can give clue to the specific diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8:21), t(15:17), t(16:16), or inv(16) and this diagnosis can be made irrespective of blasts count if such translocations are demonstrated by molecular tests. There are some interesting findings such as blasts with “hand-mirror” morphology, nuclear cleavage, prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles, pseudo-Chediak-Higashi granules, cup-like nucleus, and other dysplastic features helping in differentiating lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. Transient abnormal myelopoiesis in Down syndrome and hypoplastic AL can be picked up on morphological examination. Bone marrow biopsy would be greatly beneficial and complementary to aspirate smears and is required for diagnosing exact cellularity, topography of cells, dyspoiesis, myelonecrosis, gelatinous marrow transformation, myelofibrosis, and IP can be performed using immunohistochemistry. Morphological examination in AL is not only helpful for diagnosis but also useful for predicting the prognosis in posttherapy cases, AML with myelodysplasia-related changes, therapy-related myeloid neoplasms, and mixed phenotype AL. Hematogones, blastoid mantle cell lymphoma, high grade B cell lymphoid with blastoid morphology, Burkitt leukemia, prolymphocytes in prolymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia variant, plasmablasts especially in plasmablastic leukemia, or plasma cell leukemia can mimic AL and IP is useful in these situations. Hence, morphology should be considered as a kind of “gold-standard” starting point for the analysis of AL cases. Morphological examination cannot be replaced and advanced tests cannot be used as surrogate for morphology.