Role of Myeloid Cells in Oncolytic Reovirus-Based Cancer Therapy

Kumar, Vishnupriyan; Giacomantonio, Michael; Gujar, Shashi

doi:10.3390/v13040654

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“… 40 OV-treatment has been shown to cause the repolarization of immune-suppressive I.T M2 macrophages towards an M1 phenotype that express pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IFN-γ, CXCL10, IL-6, IL-2, IL-12, IL-21 among others that reinforce the antitumor immune environment. This effect has been noted with several OVs including GLV-1h68 41 (GL-ONC1, Lister strain VV) and Ad5-D24-RGD 42 (tumor-retargeted oncolytic AdV), VSV, 43 HSV, 44 RV, 45 paramyxoviruses 46 (MeV and MuV) and VV-IL21, 34 demonstrating OVT as an effective mechanism by which to control M1/M2 ratios in the TME. A recent report revealed that treatment with an ICP34.5 -deleted HSV vector (HSV1716) was able to not only promote M1 polarization of macrophages, but macrophages could also take up, replicate and release HSV1716 into the TME, providing a viral amplification route and promoting the oncolytic effect of the treatment.…”

Section: The Effect Of Ovt On the Immune Milieu Within Thementioning

confidence: 77%

Remodeling the tumor microenvironment by oncolytic viruses: beyond oncolysis of tumor cells for cancer treatment

Wang

Chard

Cheng

et al. 2022

J Immunother Cancer

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Tumor cells manipulate the local environment in which they grow, creating a tumor microenvironment (TME) that promotes tumor survival and metastasis. The TME is an extremely complex environment rich in immunosuppressive cells and cytokines. Various methods to therapeutically target the complicated TME are emerging as a potential approach for cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are one of the most promising methods for remodeling the TME into an antitumor environment and can be used alone or in combination with other immunotherapy options. OVs replicate specifically in tumor cells and can be genetically engineered to target multiple elements of the TME simultaneously, thus representing a therapeutic with the potential to modify the TME to promote activation of antitumor immune cells and overcome tumor therapeutic resistance and recurrence. In this review, we analyze the tropism of OVs towards tumor cells and explore the interaction between OVs and immune cells, tumor stroma, vasculature and the metabolic environment in detail to help understand how OVs may be one of our most promising prospects for long-term curative therapies. We also discuss some of the challenges associated with TME therapies, and future perspectives in this evolving field.

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Section: The Effect Of Ovt On the Immune Milieu Within Thementioning

confidence: 77%

Remodeling the tumor microenvironment by oncolytic viruses: beyond oncolysis of tumor cells for cancer treatment

Wang

Chard

Cheng

et al. 2022

J Immunother Cancer

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“…The presence of M2 macrophages in the TME is a powerful prognostic factor for low overall survival in most cancers [84]. At the TME level, OVs act on M2 macrophages, which are repolarized to an M1 phenotype, and express various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IFN-γ, CXCL10, various interleukins), among others, that reinforce the antitumor immune environment; this effect has been shown in some studies on OVs, including VSVs, HSVs, reoviruses (RV), paramyxoviruses (MeV and MuV), GLV-1h68 and Ad5 D24-RGD [74,[85][86][87][88][89][90] Involvement of NK cells NK cells are important mediators of oncolytic virotherapy. Also, NK cells are involved in the fight against viral infections, and therefore, they can have a detrimental effect on the efficacy of OVs.…”

Section: Involvement Of Macrophagesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Oncolytic Virotherapy: A New Paradigm in Cancer Immunotherapy

Volovat,

Scripcariu,

Vasilache

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potential treatment options for cancer. Natural and genetically engineered viruses exhibit various antitumor mechanisms. OVs act by direct cytolysis, the potentiation of the immune system through antigen release, and the activation of inflammatory responses or indirectly by interference with different types of elements in the tumor microenvironment, modification of energy metabolism in tumor cells, and antiangiogenic action. The action of OVs is pleiotropic, and they show varied interactions with the host and tumor cells. An important impediment in oncolytic virotherapy is the journey of the virus into the tumor cells and the possibility of its binding to different biological and nonbiological vectors. OVs have been demonstrated to eliminate cancer cells that are resistant to standard treatments in many clinical trials for various cancers (melanoma, lung, and hepatic); however, there are several elements of resistance to the action of viruses per se. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the combination of OVs with other standard treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and cellular therapies, to increase the response rate. This review provides a comprehensive update on OVs, their use in oncolytic virotherapy, and the future prospects of this therapy alongside the standard therapies currently used in cancer treatment.

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“…pembrolizumab in either recurrent inoperable or progressive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). 227 NCT04391049 studies the side effects of i.t . telomelysin when given together with i.v .…”

Section: Oncolytic Virotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Trial watch: intratumoral immunotherapy

et al. 2021

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While chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the first-line approaches for the management of most unresectable tumors, immunotherapy has emerged in the past two decades as a game-changing treatment, notably with the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapies aim at (re)activating anticancer immune responses which occur in two main steps: (1) the activation and expansion of tumor-specific T cells following cross-presentation of tumor antigens by specialized myeloid cells (priming phase); and (2) the immunological clearance of malignant cells by these antitumor T lymphocytes (effector phase). Therapeutic vaccines, adjuvants, monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, immunogenic cell death-inducing agents including oncolytic viruses, anthracycline-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as adoptive cell transfer, all act at different levels of this cascade to (re)instate cancer immunosurveillance. Intratumoral delivery of these immunotherapeutics is being tested in clinical trials to promote superior antitumor immune activity in the context of limited systemic toxicity.

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Role of Myeloid Cells in Oncolytic Reovirus-Based Cancer Therapy

Cited by 9 publications

References 140 publications

Remodeling the tumor microenvironment by oncolytic viruses: beyond oncolysis of tumor cells for cancer treatment

Remodeling the tumor microenvironment by oncolytic viruses: beyond oncolysis of tumor cells for cancer treatment

Oncolytic Virotherapy: A New Paradigm in Cancer Immunotherapy

Trial watch: intratumoral immunotherapy

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