Role of Nanoemulsion for Safe and Cost-Effective Delivery of Amphotericin B

Abstract

Amphotericin B is a highly effective antifungal agent and its use has been surged drastically due to its effectiveness against a wide range of fungal infections. It is effective against both topical and systemic infections and even this is the only drug having high efficacy against Leishmania, Candida, Aspergillus and many more. Owing to this, the demand of Amphotericin B is gaining momentum. However, this drug possesses numerous drawbacks like toxicity, poor solubility to name a few, due to which its current use is dwindling. So far the numbers of formulations have been marketed in order to triumph over its toxicity and solubility related issues. Unfortunately, no single study conducted hitherto gain success in overcoming its lethal ramifications. Among all formulations, nanoemulsions are at the top to combat all issues related to this drug. Nanoemulsion has shown enhanced stability, reduced cost and toxicity. This review will assimilate complete information on the use of nanoemulsion based formulations of Amphotericin B, its developed formulations and also will enunciate the important considerations and future perspectives. The complete data have been composed from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and PubMed using the following keywords.

Physicomechanical and antimicrobial characteristics of hydrogel based on poly(vinyl alcohol): Performance improvement via inclusion of chitosan‐modified nanoclay

“…The Peppas model is one of the most common models for evaluating the kinetics and mechanism of hydrogel swelling: where M t / M ∞ is the partial swelling at time t , k is a constant characteristic of the hydrogel system, and n is the diffusion exponent characteristic of the hydrogel swelling mechanism. The values n = 0.5, 0.5 < n < 1, and n = 1 indicate normal Fickian, non‐Fickian, and type II diffusion mechanisms, respectively …”

“…The initial diffusion coefficient of water during the hydrogel swelling process can be calculated as follows: where D is the diffusion coefficient and L is the sample thickness. According to the literature, the value of M t / M ∞ is below 0.6 …”

“…The Peppas model is one of the most common models for evaluating the kinetics and mechanism of hydrogel swelling [26][27][28] :…”

“…The values n = 0.5, 0.5 < n < 1, and n = 1 indicate normal Fickian, non-Fickian, and type II diffusion mechanisms, respectively. 26,27 The initial diffusion coefficient of water during the hydrogel swelling process can be calculated as follows 26,27 :…”