Role of Nicotianamine in the Intracellular Delivery of Metals and Plant Reproductive Development

Takahashi, Michiko; Terada, Yasuko; Nakai, Izumi; Nakanishi, Hiromi; Yoshimura, Etsuro; Mori, Satoshi; Nishizawa, Naoko K.

doi:10.1105/tpc.010256

Cited by 556 publications

(346 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, in parsley cell cultures PcMPK3 and PcMPK6, homologs of AtMPK3 and AtMPK6, respectively, are activated by a Phytophtora sojae-derived oligopeptide elicitor, which binds to a plasma membrane receptor and induces a broad array of defense responses (11,12). Activation of four different MAP kinases of group A has also been observed in alfalfa cell cultures in response to distinct pathogen-derived elicitors (13,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

LeMPK3 Is a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase with Dual Specificity Induced during Tomato Defense and Wounding Responses

Mayrose

Bonshtien

Sessa

2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are readily activated during the response of plants to avirulent pathogens or to pathogen-derived elicitors. Here we show that the tomato MAP kinase LeMPK3 is specifically induced at the mRNA level during elicitation of the hypersensitive response in resistant plants infected by avirulent strains of the phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, as well as upon treatment with the fungal elicitor ethylene-inducing xylanase. LeMPK3 gene expression was also induced very rapidly by mechanical stress and wounding much earlier than upon pathogen infection, but not in response to the defenserelated plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid. Moreover, in resistant tomato plants infected by X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, transcript accumulation was followed by an increase in LeMPK3 kinase activity. Biochemical characterization of a glutathione S-transferase-LeMPK3 fusion protein revealed that the LeMPK3 MAP kinase autophosphorylates in vitro mainly on tyrosine and less so on threonine and serine, whereas it phosphorylates myelin basic protein on serine and threonine. In vitro phosphorylation of a poly-(Glu-Tyr) copolymer by LeMPK3 demonstrated its capability to phosphorylate tyrosine residues on substrates as well. By mutagenesis and phosphoamino acid analysis, Tyr-201 in the kinase activation domain was identified as the main LeMPK3 autophosphorylation site and as critical for kinase activity. Finally, LeMPK3 autophosphorylation showed a preference for Mn 2؉ cations and proceeded via an intramolecular mechanism with an estimated K m value for ATP of 9.5 M. These results define LeMPK3 as a MAP kinase with dual specificity and strongly suggest that it represents a convergence point for different signaling pathways inducing the activation of defense responses in tomato.

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confidence: 95%

LeMPK3 Is a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase with Dual Specificity Induced during Tomato Defense and Wounding Responses

Mayrose

Bonshtien

Sessa

2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…Cloning of HA-tagged SIMK, MMK2, MMK3, and SAMK and myc-tagged SIMKK into the plant expression vector pRT101 was reported in Kiegerl et al (2000), Cardinale et al (2002), and Nakagami et al (2004). The open reading frames of MEK1 and PRKK were fused at their C termini to a double myc epitope and cloned into the vector pRT101.…”

Section: Transient Expression Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metal Stress. Activation of Distinct Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways by Copper and Cadmium

2004

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Excessive amounts of heavy metals adversely affect plant growth and development. Whereas some regions naturally contain high levels of heavy metals, anthropogenic release of heavy metals into the environment continuously increases soil contamination. The presence of elevated levels of heavy metal ions triggers a wide range of cellular responses including changes in gene expression and synthesis of metal-detoxifying peptides. To elucidate signal transduction events leading to the cellular response to heavy metal stress we analyzed protein phosphorylation induced by elevated levels of copper and cadmium ions as examples for heavy metals with different physiochemical properties and functions. Exposure of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seedlings to excess copper or cadmium ions activated four distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): SIMK, MMK2, MMK3, and SAMK. Comparison of the kinetics of MAPK activation revealed that SIMK, MMK2, MMK3, and SAMK are very rapidly activated by copper ions, while cadmium ions induced delayed MAPK activation. In protoplasts, the MAPK kinase SIMKK specifically mediated activation of SIMK and SAMK but not of MMK2 and MMK3. Moreover, SIMKK only conveyed MAPK activation by CuCl 2 but not by CdCl 2 . These results suggest that plants respond to heavy metal stress by induction of several distinct MAPK pathways and that excess amounts of copper and cadmium ions induce different cellular signaling mechanisms in roots.Heavy metal ions play essential roles in many physiological processes. In trace amounts, several of these ions are required for metabolism, growth, and development. However, problems arise when cells are confronted with an excess of these vital ions or with nonnutritional ions that lead to cellular damage (Avery, 2001;Schü tzendü bel and Polle, 2002;Gaetke and Chow, 2003;Polle and Schü tzendü bel, 2003). Heavy metal toxicity comprises inactivation of biomolecules by either blocking essential functional groups or by displacement of essential metal ions (Goyer, 1997). In addition, autoxidation of redox-active heavy metals and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the Fenton reaction causes cellular injury (Stohs and Bagchi, 1995).In response to toxic levels of heavy metals, plants synthesize Cys-rich, metal-binding peptides including phytochelatins and metallothioneins. Therefore, heavy metals can be detoxified by chelation and sequestration in the vacuole (Clemens, 2001;Cobbett and Goldsbrough, 2002), and various membrane transport systems play an important role in metal ion homeostasis and tolerance (Hall and Williams, 2003).Gene expression patterns change when plants encounter excessive amounts of heavy metals.Cadmium-and copper-responsive genes have been shown to code for signal transduction components, such as the Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) MEKK1, transcription factors, stress-induced proteins, proteins participating in protein folding, and sulfur and glutathione metabolism (Xiang and Oliver, 1998;Suzuki et al., 2001;Louie ...

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“…PRKK activates SIMK, MMK3, and SAMK in response to fungal pathogens (Cardinale et al 2002). SIMKK transmits salt and elicitor-induced signals with different substrate specificities (Kiegerl et al 2000;Cardinale et al 2002). The transient dexamethasone-induced overproduction of a constitutively active form of tobacco Nt-MEK2 in tobacco leaves activates SIPK and WIPK, and increases hypersensitivity to cell death (Yang et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GhMKK5 overexpression enhances resistance to bacterial pathogens but reduces resistance to oomycete pathogens, salt, and drought stress conditions . PRKK activates SIMK, MMK3, and SAMK in response to fungal pathogens (Cardinale et al 2002). SIMKK transmits salt and elicitor-induced signals with different substrate specificities (Kiegerl et al 2000;Cardinale et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase gene (MKK2) in the oilseed rape Brassica campestris

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2014

Biologia

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades participate in various processes, including plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. MAPK kinases (MKKs), which link MPKs and MPKK kinases, are involved in MAPK cascades by mediating various plant stress responses. However, only a few MKKs from Brassica campestris (rape) have been functionally characterized. This study delivers the results from isolation and characterization of a novel gene, MKK2, from rape. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the cDNA length of MKK2 is 1,344 bp with an open reading frame of 1,068 bp, which encodes a polypeptide containing 355 amino acids. The obtained MKK2 exhibited a predicted molecular mass of 39.3 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.8. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that MKK2 expression can be induced by cold and salt. Western blot analysis revealed that MKK2 protein expression can be induced by cold, salt, and UV-B radiation. The MKK2 protein was localized in the nucleus. These results suggest that MKK2 is important for the regulation of cold-and salt-stress responses in plants.

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Role of Nicotianamine in the Intracellular Delivery of Metals and Plant Reproductive Development

Cited by 556 publications

References 106 publications

LeMPK3 Is a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase with Dual Specificity Induced during Tomato Defense and Wounding Responses

LeMPK3 Is a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase with Dual Specificity Induced during Tomato Defense and Wounding Responses

Heavy Metal Stress. Activation of Distinct Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways by Copper and Cadmium

Identification of a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase gene (MKK2) in the oilseed rape Brassica campestris

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