Role of Nitric Oxide in Cutaneous Blood Flow Increases in the Rat Hindpaw during Dorsal Column Stimulation

Croom, John E.; Foreman, Robert D.; Chandler, Margaret J.; Koss, Michael C.; Barron, Kirk

doi:10.1097/00006123-199703000-00027

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The underlying mechanisms are thought to involve alterations in peripheral sympathetic tone and the release of vasodilators. 3,19 The effects of SCS on CBF have also been observed in isolated cases and small clinical series. 10,11,23,27,35 A scientific basis for these observations and the underlying mechanism(s) has yet to be well delineated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of cervical spinal cord stimulation on cerebral blood flow in the rat

Sagher

Huang²

2000

Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine

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Object. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is frequently used for the treatment of chronic pain. Although the mechanisms by which SCS alleviates pain are unclear, they are believed to involve changes within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Spinal cord stimulation has also been found to cause significant vasodilation in the peripheral vasculature. The mechanisms underlying this effect are thought to involve sympathetic blockade. A rostral vasodilatory effect has also been described, but changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) have been poorly delineated. Using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), the authors examined the effects of cervical SCS on CBF in rats. Methods. Cervical SCS was found to result in a significant increase in cortical LDF values (83 ± 11% [mean ± standard error of the mean]). The increase in cortical LDF values was not accompanied by a significant increase in systemic blood pressure. Stimulation of the upper cervical spinal cord was more effective in inducing LDF changes than was that of the lower cervical cord. Changes in SDS-induced LDF values were significantly attenuated after spinal cord transection at the cervicomedullary junction and by the administration of the sympathetic blocker hexamethonium. Conclusions. These results indicate that cervical SCS may induce cerebral vasodilation and that this effect may involve indirect effects on vasomotor centers in the brainstem as well as an alteration in sympathetic tone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of cervical spinal cord stimulation on cerebral blood flow in the rat

Sagher

Huang²

2000

Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine

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“…Electrotherapy, in particular in the form of SCS, enhances the blood flow in ischemic peripheral vascular and coronary heart disease [41]. The vasodilation may be induced by release of vasoactive substances such as calcitonin gene-related peptide and possibly nitric oxide (NO) [42,43,44]. In certain conditions an inhibition of sympathetic afferent activity may contribute to vasodilation [45].…”

Section: Circulatory Effects Of Electrotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular electrostimulation techniques: historical aspects and current possibilities in treatment of pain and muscle waisting

Heidland

Fazeli²,

Klassen³

et al. 2012

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Application of electricity for pain treatment dates back to thousands of years BC. The Ancient Egyptians and later the Greeks and Romans recognized that electrical fishes are capable of generating electric shocks for relief of pain. In the 18 th and 19 th centuries these natural producers of electricity were replaced by man-made electrical devices. This happened in following phases. The first was the application of static electrical currents (called Franklinism), which was produced by a friction generator. Christian Kratzenstein was the first to apply it medically, followed shortly by Benjamin Franklin. The second phase was Galvanism. This method applied a direct electrical current to the skin by chemical means, applied a direct and pulsed electrical current to the skin. In the third phase the electrical current was induced intermittently and in alternate directions (called Faradism). The fourth stage was the use of high frequency currents (called d'Arsonvalisation). The 19 th century was the "golden age" of electrotherapy. It was used for countless dental, neurological, psychiatric and gynecological disturbances. However, at beginning of the 20 th century electrotherapy fell from grace. It was dismissed as lacking a scientific basis and being used also by quacks and charlatans for unserious aims. Furthermore, the development of effective analgesic drugs decreased the interest in electricity. In the second half of the 20 th century electrotherapy underwent a revival. Based on animal experiments and clinical investigations, its neurophysiological mechanisms were elucidated in more details. The pain relieving action of electricity was explained in particular by two main mechanisms: first, segmental inhibition of pain signals to the brain in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and second, activation of the descending inhibitory pathway with enhanced release of endogenous opioids and other neurochemical compounds (serotonin, noradrenaline, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine and adenosine). The modern electrotherapy of neuromusculo-skeletal pain is based in particular on the following types: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS or electro-acupuncture) and spinal cord stimulation (SCS). In mild to moderate pain, TENS and PENS are effective methods, whereas SCS is very useful for therapy of refractory neuropathic or ischemic pain. In 2005, high tone external muscle stimulation (HTEMS) was introduced. In diabetic peripheral neuropathy, its analgesic action was more pronounced than TENS application. HTEMS appeared also to have value in the therapy of symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Besides its pain-relieving effect, electrical stimulation is of major importance for prevention or treatment of muscle dysfunction and sarcopenia. In controlled clinical studies electrical myostimulation (EMS) has been shown to be effective against the sarcopenia of patients with chronic congestive heart disease, diabetes, chronic obstr...

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“…Spinal cord stimulation reduces pain in Buerger's disease by promoting the secretion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and substance P at the spinal nerve dorsal horn. In addition, it inhibits nociceptive neurotransmission, and intramedullary oxidative nitric oxide and GABA act as an important mediator for the induction of pain relief after spinal cord stimulation [11-13]. Spinal cord stimulation in peripheral obstructive arterial disease can treat chronic ischemic pain and ulcers and also prevent amputation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of digit ulcers in a patient with Buerger's disease by using cervical spinal cord stimulation -a case report-

Ryu

Jeon

Cho

et al. 2013

Korean J Anesthesiol

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Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is known as a segmental inflammatory vasculitis that involves the small-sized and medium-sized arteries, veins, and nerves. Most effective treatment for Buerger's disease is smoking cessation. Except for the cessation of tobacco use, surgical revascularization is available in severe ischemia and a distal target vessel. Amputation has been used as the last treatment option of the disease up to the present. Increasing limb survival and decreasing amputation rate is important. This case describes the use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in patient with Buerger's disease and its effect is not only the complete healing of ulcers but also amputation is not performed.

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Role of Nitric Oxide in Cutaneous Blood Flow Increases in the Rat Hindpaw during Dorsal Column Stimulation

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Effects of cervical spinal cord stimulation on cerebral blood flow in the rat

Effects of cervical spinal cord stimulation on cerebral blood flow in the rat

Neuromuscular electrostimulation techniques: historical aspects and current possibilities in treatment of pain and muscle waisting

Treatment of digit ulcers in a patient with Buerger's disease by using cervical spinal cord stimulation -a case report-

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